libc/bionic/pthread.c

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
 *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
 *    distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
 * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
 * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
 * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
 * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
 * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
 * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include <assert.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <memory.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/atomics.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "bionic_atomic_inline.h"
#include "bionic_futex.h"
#include "bionic_pthread.h"
#include "bionic_tls.h"
#include "pthread_internal.h"
#include "thread_private.h"

extern void pthread_debug_mutex_lock_check(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
extern void pthread_debug_mutex_unlock_check(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

extern int  __pthread_clone(int (*fn)(void*), void *child_stack, int flags, void *arg);
extern void _exit_with_stack_teardown(void * stackBase, int stackSize, int retCode);
extern void _exit_thread(int  retCode);
extern int  __set_errno(int);

int  __futex_wake_ex(volatile void *ftx, int pshared, int val)
{
    return __futex_syscall3(ftx, pshared ? FUTEX_WAKE : FUTEX_WAKE_PRIVATE, val);
}

int  __futex_wait_ex(volatile void *ftx, int pshared, int val, const struct timespec *timeout)
{
    return __futex_syscall4(ftx, pshared ? FUTEX_WAIT : FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, val, timeout);
}

#define  __likely(cond)    __builtin_expect(!!(cond), 1)
#define  __unlikely(cond)  __builtin_expect(!!(cond), 0)

#ifdef __i386__
#define ATTRIBUTES __attribute__((noinline)) __attribute__((fastcall))
#else
#define ATTRIBUTES __attribute__((noinline))
#endif

void ATTRIBUTES _thread_created_hook(pid_t thread_id);

static const int kPthreadInitFailed = 1;

#define PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_DETACHED      0x00000001
#define PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_USER_STACK    0x00000002

#define DEFAULT_STACKSIZE (1024 * 1024)

static pthread_mutex_t mmap_lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;


static const pthread_attr_t gDefaultPthreadAttr = {
    .flags = 0,
    .stack_base = NULL,
    .stack_size = DEFAULT_STACKSIZE,
    .guard_size = PAGE_SIZE,
    .sched_policy = SCHED_NORMAL,
    .sched_priority = 0
};

static pthread_internal_t* gThreadList = NULL;
static pthread_mutex_t gThreadListLock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
static pthread_mutex_t gDebuggerNotificationLock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;


static void
_pthread_internal_free(pthread_internal_t* thread)
{
    if (thread != NULL) {
        free(thread);
    }
}


static void
_pthread_internal_remove_locked( pthread_internal_t*  thread )
{
    thread->next->pref = thread->pref;
    thread->pref[0]    = thread->next;
}

static void
_pthread_internal_remove( pthread_internal_t*  thread )
{
    pthread_mutex_lock(&gThreadListLock);
    _pthread_internal_remove_locked(thread);
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&gThreadListLock);
}

__LIBC_ABI_PRIVATE__ void
_pthread_internal_add( pthread_internal_t*  thread )
{
    pthread_mutex_lock(&gThreadListLock);
    thread->pref = &gThreadList;
    thread->next = thread->pref[0];
    if (thread->next)
        thread->next->pref = &thread->next;
    thread->pref[0] = thread;
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&gThreadListLock);
}

__LIBC_ABI_PRIVATE__ pthread_internal_t*
__get_thread(void)
{
    void**  tls = (void**)__get_tls();

    return  (pthread_internal_t*) tls[TLS_SLOT_THREAD_ID];
}


void*
__get_stack_base(int  *p_stack_size)
{
    pthread_internal_t*  thread = __get_thread();

    *p_stack_size = thread->attr.stack_size;
    return thread->attr.stack_base;
}


void  __init_tls(void**  tls, void*  thread)
{
    int  nn;

    ((pthread_internal_t*)thread)->tls = tls;

    // slot 0 must point to the tls area, this is required by the implementation
    // of the x86 Linux kernel thread-local-storage
    tls[TLS_SLOT_SELF]      = (void*)tls;
    tls[TLS_SLOT_THREAD_ID] = thread;
    for (nn = TLS_SLOT_ERRNO; nn < BIONIC_TLS_SLOTS; nn++)
       tls[nn] = 0;

    __set_tls( (void*)tls );
}


/*
 * This trampoline is called from the assembly _pthread_clone() function.
 */
void __thread_entry(int (*func)(void*), void *arg, void **tls)
{
    // Wait for our creating thread to release us. This lets it have time to
    // notify gdb about this thread before we start doing anything.
    //
    // This also provides the memory barrier needed to ensure that all memory
    // accesses previously made by the creating thread are visible to us.
    pthread_mutex_t* start_mutex = (pthread_mutex_t*) &tls[TLS_SLOT_SELF];
    pthread_mutex_lock(start_mutex);
    pthread_mutex_destroy(start_mutex);

    pthread_internal_t* thread = (pthread_internal_t*) tls[TLS_SLOT_THREAD_ID];
    __init_tls(tls, thread);

    if ((thread->internal_flags & kPthreadInitFailed) != 0) {
        pthread_exit(NULL);
    }

    int result = func(arg);
    pthread_exit((void*) result);
}

__LIBC_ABI_PRIVATE__
int _init_thread(pthread_internal_t * thread, pid_t kernel_id, pthread_attr_t * attr, void * stack_base)
{
    int error = 0;

    if (attr == NULL) {
        thread->attr = gDefaultPthreadAttr;
    } else {
        thread->attr = *attr;
    }
    thread->attr.stack_base = stack_base;
    thread->kernel_id       = kernel_id;

    // Make a note of whether the user supplied this stack (so we know whether or not to free it).
    if (attr->stack_base == stack_base) {
        thread->attr.flags |= PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_USER_STACK;
    }

    // Set the scheduling policy/priority of the thread.
    if (thread->attr.sched_policy != SCHED_NORMAL) {
        struct sched_param param;
        param.sched_priority = thread->attr.sched_priority;
        if (sched_setscheduler(kernel_id, thread->attr.sched_policy, &param) == -1) {
            error = errno;
        }
    }

    pthread_cond_init(&thread->join_cond, NULL);
    thread->join_count = 0;

    thread->cleanup_stack = NULL;

    _pthread_internal_add(thread);
    return error;
}

static void *mkstack(size_t size, size_t guard_size)
{
    pthread_mutex_lock(&mmap_lock);

    int prot = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE;
    int flags = MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_NORESERVE;
    void* stack = mmap(NULL, size, prot, flags, -1, 0);
    if (stack == MAP_FAILED) {
        stack = NULL;
        goto done;
    }

    if (mprotect(stack, guard_size, PROT_NONE) == -1) {
        munmap(stack, size);
        stack = NULL;
        goto done;
    }

done:
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&mmap_lock);
    return stack;
}

/*
 * Create a new thread. The thread's stack is laid out like so:
 *
 * +---------------------------+
 * |     pthread_internal_t    |
 * +---------------------------+
 * |                           |
 * |          TLS area         |
 * |                           |
 * +---------------------------+
 * |                           |
 * .                           .
 * .         stack area        .
 * .                           .
 * |                           |
 * +---------------------------+
 * |         guard page        |
 * +---------------------------+
 *
 *  note that TLS[0] must be a pointer to itself, this is required
 *  by the thread-local storage implementation of the x86 Linux
 *  kernel, where the TLS pointer is read by reading fs:[0]
 */
int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread_out, pthread_attr_t const * attr,
                   void *(*start_routine)(void *), void * arg)
{
    int old_errno = errno;

    /* this will inform the rest of the C library that at least one thread
     * was created. this will enforce certain functions to acquire/release
     * locks (e.g. atexit()) to protect shared global structures.
     *
     * this works because pthread_create() is not called by the C library
     * initialization routine that sets up the main thread's data structures.
     */
    __isthreaded = 1;

    pthread_internal_t* thread = calloc(sizeof(*thread), 1);
    if (thread == NULL) {
        return ENOMEM;
    }

    if (attr == NULL) {
        attr = &gDefaultPthreadAttr;
    }

    // make sure the stack is PAGE_SIZE aligned
    size_t stack_size = (attr->stack_size + (PAGE_SIZE-1)) & ~(PAGE_SIZE-1);
    uint8_t* stack = attr->stack_base;
    if (stack == NULL) {
        stack = mkstack(stack_size, attr->guard_size);
        if (stack == NULL) {
            _pthread_internal_free(thread);
            return ENOMEM;
        }
    }

    // Make room for TLS
    void** tls = (void**)(stack + stack_size - BIONIC_TLS_SLOTS*sizeof(void*));

    // Create a mutex for the thread in TLS_SLOT_SELF to wait on once it starts so we can keep
    // it from doing anything until after we notify the debugger about it
    //
    // This also provides the memory barrier we need to ensure that all
    // memory accesses previously performed by this thread are visible to
    // the new thread.
    pthread_mutex_t* start_mutex = (pthread_mutex_t*) &tls[TLS_SLOT_SELF];
    pthread_mutex_init(start_mutex, NULL);
    pthread_mutex_lock(start_mutex);

    tls[TLS_SLOT_THREAD_ID] = thread;

    int flags = CLONE_FILES | CLONE_FS | CLONE_VM | CLONE_SIGHAND |
                CLONE_THREAD | CLONE_SYSVSEM | CLONE_DETACHED;
    int tid = __pthread_clone((int(*)(void*))start_routine, tls, flags, arg);

    if (tid < 0) {
        int clone_errno = errno;
        pthread_mutex_unlock(start_mutex);
        if (stack != attr->stack_base) {
            munmap(stack, stack_size);
        }
        _pthread_internal_free(thread);
        errno = old_errno;
        return clone_errno;
    }

    int init_errno = _init_thread(thread, tid, (pthread_attr_t*) attr, stack);
    if (init_errno != 0) {
        // Mark the thread detached and let its __thread_entry run to
        // completion. (It'll just exit immediately, cleaning up its resources.)
        thread->internal_flags |= kPthreadInitFailed;
        thread->attr.flags |= PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_DETACHED;
        pthread_mutex_unlock(start_mutex);
        errno = old_errno;
        return init_errno;
    }

    // Notify any debuggers about the new thread.
    pthread_mutex_lock(&gDebuggerNotificationLock);
    _thread_created_hook(tid);
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&gDebuggerNotificationLock);

    // Let the thread run.
    pthread_mutex_unlock(start_mutex);

    *thread_out = (pthread_t) thread;
    return 0;
}


int pthread_attr_init(pthread_attr_t * attr)
{
    *attr = gDefaultPthreadAttr;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_destroy(pthread_attr_t * attr)
{
    memset(attr, 0x42, sizeof(pthread_attr_t));
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_setdetachstate(pthread_attr_t * attr, int state)
{
    if (state == PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED) {
        attr->flags |= PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_DETACHED;
    } else if (state == PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE) {
        attr->flags &= ~PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_DETACHED;
    } else {
        return EINVAL;
    }
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_getdetachstate(pthread_attr_t const * attr, int * state)
{
    *state = (attr->flags & PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_DETACHED)
           ? PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED
           : PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(pthread_attr_t * attr, int policy)
{
    attr->sched_policy = policy;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_getschedpolicy(pthread_attr_t const * attr, int * policy)
{
    *policy = attr->sched_policy;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_setschedparam(pthread_attr_t * attr, struct sched_param const * param)
{
    attr->sched_priority = param->sched_priority;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_getschedparam(pthread_attr_t const * attr, struct sched_param * param)
{
    param->sched_priority = attr->sched_priority;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_setstacksize(pthread_attr_t * attr, size_t stack_size)
{
    if ((stack_size & (PAGE_SIZE - 1) || stack_size < PTHREAD_STACK_MIN)) {
        return EINVAL;
    }
    attr->stack_size = stack_size;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_getstacksize(pthread_attr_t const * attr, size_t * stack_size)
{
    *stack_size = attr->stack_size;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_setstackaddr(pthread_attr_t * attr, void * stack_addr)
{
#if 1
    // It's not clear if this is setting the top or bottom of the stack, so don't handle it for now.
    return ENOSYS;
#else
    if ((uint32_t)stack_addr & (PAGE_SIZE - 1)) {
        return EINVAL;
    }
    attr->stack_base = stack_addr;
    return 0;
#endif
}

int pthread_attr_getstackaddr(pthread_attr_t const * attr, void ** stack_addr)
{
    *stack_addr = (char*)attr->stack_base + attr->stack_size;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_setstack(pthread_attr_t * attr, void * stack_base, size_t stack_size)
{
    if ((stack_size & (PAGE_SIZE - 1) || stack_size < PTHREAD_STACK_MIN)) {
        return EINVAL;
    }
    if ((uint32_t)stack_base & (PAGE_SIZE - 1)) {
        return EINVAL;
    }
    attr->stack_base = stack_base;
    attr->stack_size = stack_size;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_getstack(pthread_attr_t const * attr, void ** stack_base, size_t * stack_size)
{
    *stack_base = attr->stack_base;
    *stack_size = attr->stack_size;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_setguardsize(pthread_attr_t * attr, size_t guard_size)
{
    if (guard_size & (PAGE_SIZE - 1) || guard_size < PAGE_SIZE) {
        return EINVAL;
    }

    attr->guard_size = guard_size;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_getguardsize(pthread_attr_t const * attr, size_t * guard_size)
{
    *guard_size = attr->guard_size;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_getattr_np(pthread_t thid, pthread_attr_t * attr)
{
    pthread_internal_t * thread = (pthread_internal_t *)thid;
    *attr = thread->attr;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_attr_setscope(pthread_attr_t *attr, int  scope)
{
    if (scope == PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM)
        return 0;
    if (scope == PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS)
        return ENOTSUP;

    return EINVAL;
}

int pthread_attr_getscope(pthread_attr_t const *attr)
{
    return PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM;
}


/* CAVEAT: our implementation of pthread_cleanup_push/pop doesn't support C++ exceptions
 *         and thread cancelation
 */

void __pthread_cleanup_push( __pthread_cleanup_t*      c,
                             __pthread_cleanup_func_t  routine,
                             void*                     arg )
{
    pthread_internal_t*  thread = __get_thread();

    c->__cleanup_routine  = routine;
    c->__cleanup_arg      = arg;
    c->__cleanup_prev     = thread->cleanup_stack;
    thread->cleanup_stack = c;
}

void __pthread_cleanup_pop( __pthread_cleanup_t*  c, int  execute )
{
    pthread_internal_t*  thread = __get_thread();

    thread->cleanup_stack = c->__cleanup_prev;
    if (execute)
        c->__cleanup_routine(c->__cleanup_arg);
}

/* used by pthread_exit() to clean all TLS keys of the current thread */
static void pthread_key_clean_all(void);

void pthread_exit(void * retval)
{
    pthread_internal_t*  thread     = __get_thread();
    void*                stack_base = thread->attr.stack_base;
    int                  stack_size = thread->attr.stack_size;
    int                  user_stack = (thread->attr.flags & PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_USER_STACK) != 0;
    sigset_t mask;

    // call the cleanup handlers first
    while (thread->cleanup_stack) {
        __pthread_cleanup_t*  c = thread->cleanup_stack;
        thread->cleanup_stack   = c->__cleanup_prev;
        c->__cleanup_routine(c->__cleanup_arg);
    }

    // call the TLS destructors, it is important to do that before removing this
    // thread from the global list. this will ensure that if someone else deletes
    // a TLS key, the corresponding value will be set to NULL in this thread's TLS
    // space (see pthread_key_delete)
    pthread_key_clean_all();

    // if the thread is detached, destroy the pthread_internal_t
    // otherwise, keep it in memory and signal any joiners
    if (thread->attr.flags & PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_DETACHED) {
        _pthread_internal_remove(thread);
        _pthread_internal_free(thread);
    } else {
       /* the join_count field is used to store the number of threads waiting for
        * the termination of this thread with pthread_join(),
        *
        * if it is positive we need to signal the waiters, and we do not touch
        * the count (it will be decremented by the waiters, the last one will
        * also remove/free the thread structure
        *
        * if it is zero, we set the count value to -1 to indicate that the
        * thread is in 'zombie' state: it has stopped executing, and its stack
        * is gone (as well as its TLS area). when another thread calls pthread_join()
        * on it, it will immediately free the thread and return.
        */
        pthread_mutex_lock(&gThreadListLock);
        thread->return_value = retval;
        if (thread->join_count > 0) {
            pthread_cond_broadcast(&thread->join_cond);
        } else {
            thread->join_count = -1;  /* zombie thread */
        }
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&gThreadListLock);
    }

    sigfillset(&mask);
    sigdelset(&mask, SIGSEGV);
    (void)sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &mask, (sigset_t *)NULL);

    // destroy the thread stack
    if (user_stack)
        _exit_thread((int)retval);
    else
        _exit_with_stack_teardown(stack_base, stack_size, (int)retval);
}

int pthread_join(pthread_t thid, void ** ret_val)
{
    pthread_internal_t*  thread = (pthread_internal_t*)thid;
    int                  count;

    // check that the thread still exists and is not detached
    pthread_mutex_lock(&gThreadListLock);

    for (thread = gThreadList; thread != NULL; thread = thread->next)
        if (thread == (pthread_internal_t*)thid)
            goto FoundIt;

    pthread_mutex_unlock(&gThreadListLock);
    return ESRCH;

FoundIt:
    if (thread->attr.flags & PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_DETACHED) {
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&gThreadListLock);
        return EINVAL;
    }

   /* wait for thread death when needed
    *
    * if the 'join_count' is negative, this is a 'zombie' thread that
    * is already dead and without stack/TLS
    *
    * otherwise, we need to increment 'join-count' and wait to be signaled
    */
   count = thread->join_count;
    if (count >= 0) {
        thread->join_count += 1;
        pthread_cond_wait( &thread->join_cond, &gThreadListLock );
        count = --thread->join_count;
    }
    if (ret_val)
        *ret_val = thread->return_value;

    /* remove thread descriptor when we're the last joiner or when the
     * thread was already a zombie.
     */
    if (count <= 0) {
        _pthread_internal_remove_locked(thread);
        _pthread_internal_free(thread);
    }
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&gThreadListLock);
    return 0;
}

int  pthread_detach( pthread_t  thid )
{
    pthread_internal_t*  thread;
    int                  result = 0;
    int                  flags;

    pthread_mutex_lock(&gThreadListLock);
    for (thread = gThreadList; thread != NULL; thread = thread->next)
        if (thread == (pthread_internal_t*)thid)
            goto FoundIt;

    result = ESRCH;
    goto Exit;

FoundIt:
    do {
        flags = thread->attr.flags;

        if ( flags & PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_DETACHED ) {
            /* thread is not joinable ! */
            result = EINVAL;
            goto Exit;
        }
    }
    while ( __bionic_cmpxchg( flags, flags | PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_DETACHED,
                              (volatile int*)&thread->attr.flags ) != 0 );
Exit:
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&gThreadListLock);
    return result;
}

pthread_t pthread_self(void)
{
    return (pthread_t)__get_thread();
}

int pthread_equal(pthread_t one, pthread_t two)
{
    return (one == two ? 1 : 0);
}

int pthread_getschedparam(pthread_t thid, int * policy,
                          struct sched_param * param)
{
    int  old_errno = errno;

    pthread_internal_t * thread = (pthread_internal_t *)thid;
    int err = sched_getparam(thread->kernel_id, param);
    if (!err) {
        *policy = sched_getscheduler(thread->kernel_id);
    } else {
        err = errno;
        errno = old_errno;
    }
    return err;
}

int pthread_setschedparam(pthread_t thid, int policy,
                          struct sched_param const * param)
{
    pthread_internal_t * thread = (pthread_internal_t *)thid;
    int                  old_errno = errno;
    int                  ret;

    ret = sched_setscheduler(thread->kernel_id, policy, param);
    if (ret < 0) {
        ret = errno;
        errno = old_errno;
    }
    return ret;
}


/* a mutex is implemented as a 32-bit integer holding the following fields
 *
 * bits:     name     description
 * 31-16     tid      owner thread's kernel id (recursive and errorcheck only)
 * 15-14     type     mutex type
 * 13        shared   process-shared flag
 * 12-2      counter  counter of recursive mutexes
 * 1-0       state    lock state (0, 1 or 2)
 */

/* Convenience macro, creates a mask of 'bits' bits that starts from
 * the 'shift'-th least significant bit in a 32-bit word.
 *
 * Examples: FIELD_MASK(0,4)  -> 0xf
 *           FIELD_MASK(16,9) -> 0x1ff0000
 */
#define  FIELD_MASK(shift,bits)           (((1 << (bits))-1) << (shift))

/* This one is used to create a bit pattern from a given field value */
#define  FIELD_TO_BITS(val,shift,bits)    (((val) & ((1 << (bits))-1)) << (shift))

/* And this one does the opposite, i.e. extract a field's value from a bit pattern */
#define  FIELD_FROM_BITS(val,shift,bits)  (((val) >> (shift)) & ((1 << (bits))-1))

/* Mutex state:
 *
 * 0 for unlocked
 * 1 for locked, no waiters
 * 2 for locked, maybe waiters
 */
#define  MUTEX_STATE_SHIFT      0
#define  MUTEX_STATE_LEN        2

#define  MUTEX_STATE_MASK           FIELD_MASK(MUTEX_STATE_SHIFT, MUTEX_STATE_LEN)
#define  MUTEX_STATE_FROM_BITS(v)   FIELD_FROM_BITS(v, MUTEX_STATE_SHIFT, MUTEX_STATE_LEN)
#define  MUTEX_STATE_TO_BITS(v)     FIELD_TO_BITS(v, MUTEX_STATE_SHIFT, MUTEX_STATE_LEN)

#define  MUTEX_STATE_UNLOCKED            0   /* must be 0 to match __PTHREAD_MUTEX_INIT_VALUE */
#define  MUTEX_STATE_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED  1   /* must be 1 due to atomic dec in unlock operation */
#define  MUTEX_STATE_LOCKED_CONTENDED    2   /* must be 1 + LOCKED_UNCONTENDED due to atomic dec */

#define  MUTEX_STATE_FROM_BITS(v)    FIELD_FROM_BITS(v, MUTEX_STATE_SHIFT, MUTEX_STATE_LEN)
#define  MUTEX_STATE_TO_BITS(v)      FIELD_TO_BITS(v, MUTEX_STATE_SHIFT, MUTEX_STATE_LEN)

#define  MUTEX_STATE_BITS_UNLOCKED            MUTEX_STATE_TO_BITS(MUTEX_STATE_UNLOCKED)
#define  MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED  MUTEX_STATE_TO_BITS(MUTEX_STATE_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED)
#define  MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_CONTENDED    MUTEX_STATE_TO_BITS(MUTEX_STATE_LOCKED_CONTENDED)

/* return true iff the mutex if locked with no waiters */
#define  MUTEX_STATE_BITS_IS_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED(v)  (((v) & MUTEX_STATE_MASK) == MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED)

/* return true iff the mutex if locked with maybe waiters */
#define  MUTEX_STATE_BITS_IS_LOCKED_CONTENDED(v)   (((v) & MUTEX_STATE_MASK) == MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_CONTENDED)

/* used to flip from LOCKED_UNCONTENDED to LOCKED_CONTENDED */
#define  MUTEX_STATE_BITS_FLIP_CONTENTION(v)      ((v) ^ (MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_CONTENDED ^ MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED))

/* Mutex counter:
 *
 * We need to check for overflow before incrementing, and we also need to
 * detect when the counter is 0
 */
#define  MUTEX_COUNTER_SHIFT         2
#define  MUTEX_COUNTER_LEN           11
#define  MUTEX_COUNTER_MASK          FIELD_MASK(MUTEX_COUNTER_SHIFT, MUTEX_COUNTER_LEN)

#define  MUTEX_COUNTER_BITS_WILL_OVERFLOW(v)    (((v) & MUTEX_COUNTER_MASK) == MUTEX_COUNTER_MASK)
#define  MUTEX_COUNTER_BITS_IS_ZERO(v)          (((v) & MUTEX_COUNTER_MASK) == 0)

/* Used to increment the counter directly after overflow has been checked */
#define  MUTEX_COUNTER_BITS_ONE      FIELD_TO_BITS(1,MUTEX_COUNTER_SHIFT,MUTEX_COUNTER_LEN)

/* Returns true iff the counter is 0 */
#define  MUTEX_COUNTER_BITS_ARE_ZERO(v)  (((v) & MUTEX_COUNTER_MASK) == 0)

/* Mutex shared bit flag
 *
 * This flag is set to indicate that the mutex is shared among processes.
 * This changes the futex opcode we use for futex wait/wake operations
 * (non-shared operations are much faster).
 */
#define  MUTEX_SHARED_SHIFT    13
#define  MUTEX_SHARED_MASK     FIELD_MASK(MUTEX_SHARED_SHIFT,1)

/* Mutex type:
 *
 * We support normal, recursive and errorcheck mutexes.
 *
 * The constants defined here *cannot* be changed because they must match
 * the C library ABI which defines the following initialization values in
 * <pthread.h>:
 *
 *   __PTHREAD_MUTEX_INIT_VALUE
 *   __PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_VALUE
 *   __PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_MUTEX_INIT_VALUE
 */
#define  MUTEX_TYPE_SHIFT      14
#define  MUTEX_TYPE_LEN        2
#define  MUTEX_TYPE_MASK       FIELD_MASK(MUTEX_TYPE_SHIFT,MUTEX_TYPE_LEN)

#define  MUTEX_TYPE_NORMAL          0  /* Must be 0 to match __PTHREAD_MUTEX_INIT_VALUE */
#define  MUTEX_TYPE_RECURSIVE       1
#define  MUTEX_TYPE_ERRORCHECK      2

#define  MUTEX_TYPE_TO_BITS(t)       FIELD_TO_BITS(t, MUTEX_TYPE_SHIFT, MUTEX_TYPE_LEN)

#define  MUTEX_TYPE_BITS_NORMAL      MUTEX_TYPE_TO_BITS(MUTEX_TYPE_NORMAL)
#define  MUTEX_TYPE_BITS_RECURSIVE   MUTEX_TYPE_TO_BITS(MUTEX_TYPE_RECURSIVE)
#define  MUTEX_TYPE_BITS_ERRORCHECK  MUTEX_TYPE_TO_BITS(MUTEX_TYPE_ERRORCHECK)

/* Mutex owner field:
 *
 * This is only used for recursive and errorcheck mutexes. It holds the
 * kernel TID of the owning thread. Note that this works because the Linux
 * kernel _only_ uses 16-bit values for thread ids.
 *
 * More specifically, it will wrap to 10000 when it reaches over 32768 for
 * application processes. You can check this by running the following inside
 * an adb shell session:
 *
    OLDPID=$$;
    while true; do
    NEWPID=$(sh -c 'echo $$')
    if [ "$NEWPID" -gt 32768 ]; then
        echo "AARGH: new PID $NEWPID is too high!"
        exit 1
    fi
    if [ "$NEWPID" -lt "$OLDPID" ]; then
        echo "****** Wrapping from PID $OLDPID to $NEWPID. *******"
    else
        echo -n "$NEWPID!"
    fi
    OLDPID=$NEWPID
    done

 * Note that you can run the same example on a desktop Linux system,
 * the wrapping will also happen at 32768, but will go back to 300 instead.
 */
#define  MUTEX_OWNER_SHIFT     16
#define  MUTEX_OWNER_LEN       16

#define  MUTEX_OWNER_FROM_BITS(v)    FIELD_FROM_BITS(v,MUTEX_OWNER_SHIFT,MUTEX_OWNER_LEN)
#define  MUTEX_OWNER_TO_BITS(v)      FIELD_TO_BITS(v,MUTEX_OWNER_SHIFT,MUTEX_OWNER_LEN)

/* Convenience macros.
 *
 * These are used to form or modify the bit pattern of a given mutex value
 */



/* a mutex attribute holds the following fields
 *
 * bits:     name       description
 * 0-3       type       type of mutex
 * 4         shared     process-shared flag
 */
#define  MUTEXATTR_TYPE_MASK   0x000f
#define  MUTEXATTR_SHARED_MASK 0x0010


int pthread_mutexattr_init(pthread_mutexattr_t *attr)
{
    if (attr) {
        *attr = PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT;
        return 0;
    } else {
        return EINVAL;
    }
}

int pthread_mutexattr_destroy(pthread_mutexattr_t *attr)
{
    if (attr) {
        *attr = -1;
        return 0;
    } else {
        return EINVAL;
    }
}

int pthread_mutexattr_gettype(const pthread_mutexattr_t *attr, int *type)
{
    if (attr) {
        int  atype = (*attr & MUTEXATTR_TYPE_MASK);

         if (atype >= PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL &&
             atype <= PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK) {
            *type = atype;
            return 0;
        }
    }
    return EINVAL;
}

int pthread_mutexattr_settype(pthread_mutexattr_t *attr, int type)
{
    if (attr && type >= PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL &&
                type <= PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK ) {
        *attr = (*attr & ~MUTEXATTR_TYPE_MASK) | type;
        return 0;
    }
    return EINVAL;
}

/* process-shared mutexes are not supported at the moment */

int pthread_mutexattr_setpshared(pthread_mutexattr_t *attr, int  pshared)
{
    if (!attr)
        return EINVAL;

    switch (pshared) {
    case PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE:
        *attr &= ~MUTEXATTR_SHARED_MASK;
        return 0;

    case PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED:
        /* our current implementation of pthread actually supports shared
         * mutexes but won't cleanup if a process dies with the mutex held.
         * Nevertheless, it's better than nothing. Shared mutexes are used
         * by surfaceflinger and audioflinger.
         */
        *attr |= MUTEXATTR_SHARED_MASK;
        return 0;
    }
    return EINVAL;
}

int pthread_mutexattr_getpshared(pthread_mutexattr_t *attr, int *pshared)
{
    if (!attr || !pshared)
        return EINVAL;

    *pshared = (*attr & MUTEXATTR_SHARED_MASK) ? PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED
                                               : PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *mutex,
                       const pthread_mutexattr_t *attr)
{
    int value = 0;

    if (mutex == NULL)
        return EINVAL;

    if (__likely(attr == NULL)) {
        mutex->value = MUTEX_TYPE_BITS_NORMAL;
        return 0;
    }

    if ((*attr & MUTEXATTR_SHARED_MASK) != 0)
        value |= MUTEX_SHARED_MASK;

    switch (*attr & MUTEXATTR_TYPE_MASK) {
    case PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL:
        value |= MUTEX_TYPE_BITS_NORMAL;
        break;
    case PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE:
        value |= MUTEX_TYPE_BITS_RECURSIVE;
        break;
    case PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK:
        value |= MUTEX_TYPE_BITS_ERRORCHECK;
        break;
    default:
        return EINVAL;
    }

    mutex->value = value;
    return 0;
}


/*
 * Lock a non-recursive mutex.
 *
 * As noted above, there are three states:
 *   0 (unlocked, no contention)
 *   1 (locked, no contention)
 *   2 (locked, contention)
 *
 * Non-recursive mutexes don't use the thread-id or counter fields, and the
 * "type" value is zero, so the only bits that will be set are the ones in
 * the lock state field.
 */
static __inline__ void
_normal_lock(pthread_mutex_t*  mutex, int shared)
{
    /* convenience shortcuts */
    const int unlocked           = shared | MUTEX_STATE_BITS_UNLOCKED;
    const int locked_uncontended = shared | MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED;
    /*
     * The common case is an unlocked mutex, so we begin by trying to
     * change the lock's state from 0 (UNLOCKED) to 1 (LOCKED).
     * __bionic_cmpxchg() returns 0 if it made the swap successfully.
     * If the result is nonzero, this lock is already held by another thread.
     */
    if (__bionic_cmpxchg(unlocked, locked_uncontended, &mutex->value) != 0) {
        const int locked_contended = shared | MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_CONTENDED;
        /*
         * We want to go to sleep until the mutex is available, which
         * requires promoting it to state 2 (CONTENDED). We need to
         * swap in the new state value and then wait until somebody wakes us up.
         *
         * __bionic_swap() returns the previous value.  We swap 2 in and
         * see if we got zero back; if so, we have acquired the lock.  If
         * not, another thread still holds the lock and we wait again.
         *
         * The second argument to the __futex_wait() call is compared
         * against the current value.  If it doesn't match, __futex_wait()
         * returns immediately (otherwise, it sleeps for a time specified
         * by the third argument; 0 means sleep forever).  This ensures
         * that the mutex is in state 2 when we go to sleep on it, which
         * guarantees a wake-up call.
         */
        while (__bionic_swap(locked_contended, &mutex->value) != unlocked)
            __futex_wait_ex(&mutex->value, shared, locked_contended, 0);
    }
    ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();
}

/*
 * Release a non-recursive mutex.  The caller is responsible for determining
 * that we are in fact the owner of this lock.
 */
static __inline__ void
_normal_unlock(pthread_mutex_t*  mutex, int shared)
{
    ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();

    /*
     * The mutex state will be 1 or (rarely) 2.  We use an atomic decrement
     * to release the lock.  __bionic_atomic_dec() returns the previous value;
     * if it wasn't 1 we have to do some additional work.
     */
    if (__bionic_atomic_dec(&mutex->value) != (shared|MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED)) {
        /*
         * Start by releasing the lock.  The decrement changed it from
         * "contended lock" to "uncontended lock", which means we still
         * hold it, and anybody who tries to sneak in will push it back
         * to state 2.
         *
         * Once we set it to zero the lock is up for grabs.  We follow
         * this with a __futex_wake() to ensure that one of the waiting
         * threads has a chance to grab it.
         *
         * This doesn't cause a race with the swap/wait pair in
         * _normal_lock(), because the __futex_wait() call there will
         * return immediately if the mutex value isn't 2.
         */
        mutex->value = shared;

        /*
         * Wake up one waiting thread.  We don't know which thread will be
         * woken or when it'll start executing -- futexes make no guarantees
         * here.  There may not even be a thread waiting.
         *
         * The newly-woken thread will replace the 0 we just set above
         * with 2, which means that when it eventually releases the mutex
         * it will also call FUTEX_WAKE.  This results in one extra wake
         * call whenever a lock is contended, but lets us avoid forgetting
         * anyone without requiring us to track the number of sleepers.
         *
         * It's possible for another thread to sneak in and grab the lock
         * between the zero assignment above and the wake call below.  If
         * the new thread is "slow" and holds the lock for a while, we'll
         * wake up a sleeper, which will swap in a 2 and then go back to
         * sleep since the lock is still held.  If the new thread is "fast",
         * running to completion before we call wake, the thread we
         * eventually wake will find an unlocked mutex and will execute.
         * Either way we have correct behavior and nobody is orphaned on
         * the wait queue.
         */
        __futex_wake_ex(&mutex->value, shared, 1);
    }
}

/* This common inlined function is used to increment the counter of an
 * errorcheck or recursive mutex.
 *
 * For errorcheck mutexes, it will return EDEADLK
 * If the counter overflows, it will return EAGAIN
 * Otherwise, it atomically increments the counter and returns 0
 * after providing an acquire barrier.
 *
 * mtype is the current mutex type
 * mvalue is the current mutex value (already loaded)
 * mutex pointers to the mutex.
 */
static __inline__ __attribute__((always_inline)) int
_recursive_increment(pthread_mutex_t* mutex, int mvalue, int mtype)
{
    if (mtype == MUTEX_TYPE_BITS_ERRORCHECK) {
        /* trying to re-lock a mutex we already acquired */
        return EDEADLK;
    }

    /* Detect recursive lock overflow and return EAGAIN.
     * This is safe because only the owner thread can modify the
     * counter bits in the mutex value.
     */
    if (MUTEX_COUNTER_BITS_WILL_OVERFLOW(mvalue)) {
        return EAGAIN;
    }

    /* We own the mutex, but other threads are able to change
     * the lower bits (e.g. promoting it to "contended"), so we
     * need to use an atomic cmpxchg loop to update the counter.
     */
    for (;;) {
        /* increment counter, overflow was already checked */
        int newval = mvalue + MUTEX_COUNTER_BITS_ONE;
        if (__likely(__bionic_cmpxchg(mvalue, newval, &mutex->value) == 0)) {
            /* mutex is still locked, not need for a memory barrier */
            return 0;
        }
        /* the value was changed, this happens when another thread changes
         * the lower state bits from 1 to 2 to indicate contention. This
         * cannot change the counter, so simply reload and try again.
         */
        mvalue = mutex->value;
    }
}

__LIBC_HIDDEN__
int pthread_mutex_lock_impl(pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
{
    int mvalue, mtype, tid, new_lock_type, shared;

    if (__unlikely(mutex == NULL))
        return EINVAL;

    mvalue = mutex->value;
    mtype = (mvalue & MUTEX_TYPE_MASK);
    shared = (mvalue & MUTEX_SHARED_MASK);

    /* Handle normal case first */
    if ( __likely(mtype == MUTEX_TYPE_BITS_NORMAL) ) {
        _normal_lock(mutex, shared);
        return 0;
    }

    /* Do we already own this recursive or error-check mutex ? */
    tid = __get_thread()->kernel_id;
    if ( tid == MUTEX_OWNER_FROM_BITS(mvalue) )
        return _recursive_increment(mutex, mvalue, mtype);

    /* Add in shared state to avoid extra 'or' operations below */
    mtype |= shared;

    /* First, if the mutex is unlocked, try to quickly acquire it.
     * In the optimistic case where this works, set the state to 1 to
     * indicate locked with no contention */
    if (mvalue == mtype) {
        int newval = MUTEX_OWNER_TO_BITS(tid) | mtype | MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED;
        if (__bionic_cmpxchg(mvalue, newval, &mutex->value) == 0) {
            ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();
            return 0;
        }
        /* argh, the value changed, reload before entering the loop */
        mvalue = mutex->value;
    }

    for (;;) {
        int newval;

        /* if the mutex is unlocked, its value should be 'mtype' and
         * we try to acquire it by setting its owner and state atomically.
         * NOTE: We put the state to 2 since we _know_ there is contention
         * when we are in this loop. This ensures all waiters will be
         * unlocked.
         */
        if (mvalue == mtype) {
            newval = MUTEX_OWNER_TO_BITS(tid) | mtype | MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_CONTENDED;
            /* TODO: Change this to __bionic_cmpxchg_acquire when we
             *        implement it to get rid of the explicit memory
             *        barrier below.
             */
            if (__unlikely(__bionic_cmpxchg(mvalue, newval, &mutex->value) != 0)) {
                mvalue = mutex->value;
                continue;
            }
            ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();
            return 0;
        }

        /* the mutex is already locked by another thread, if its state is 1
         * we will change it to 2 to indicate contention. */
        if (MUTEX_STATE_BITS_IS_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED(mvalue)) {
            newval = MUTEX_STATE_BITS_FLIP_CONTENTION(mvalue); /* locked state 1 => state 2 */
            if (__unlikely(__bionic_cmpxchg(mvalue, newval, &mutex->value) != 0)) {
                mvalue = mutex->value;
                continue;
            }
            mvalue = newval;
        }

        /* wait until the mutex is unlocked */
        __futex_wait_ex(&mutex->value, shared, mvalue, NULL);

        mvalue = mutex->value;
    }
    /* NOTREACHED */
}

int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
{
    int err = pthread_mutex_lock_impl(mutex);
#ifdef PTHREAD_DEBUG
    if (PTHREAD_DEBUG_ENABLED) {
        if (!err) {
            pthread_debug_mutex_lock_check(mutex);
        }
    }
#endif
    return err;
}

__LIBC_HIDDEN__
int pthread_mutex_unlock_impl(pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
{
    int mvalue, mtype, tid, oldv, shared;

    if (__unlikely(mutex == NULL))
        return EINVAL;

    mvalue = mutex->value;
    mtype  = (mvalue & MUTEX_TYPE_MASK);
    shared = (mvalue & MUTEX_SHARED_MASK);

    /* Handle common case first */
    if (__likely(mtype == MUTEX_TYPE_BITS_NORMAL)) {
        _normal_unlock(mutex, shared);
        return 0;
    }

    /* Do we already own this recursive or error-check mutex ? */
    tid = __get_thread()->kernel_id;
    if ( tid != MUTEX_OWNER_FROM_BITS(mvalue) )
        return EPERM;

    /* If the counter is > 0, we can simply decrement it atomically.
     * Since other threads can mutate the lower state bits (and only the
     * lower state bits), use a cmpxchg to do it.
     */
    if (!MUTEX_COUNTER_BITS_IS_ZERO(mvalue)) {
        for (;;) {
            int newval = mvalue - MUTEX_COUNTER_BITS_ONE;
            if (__likely(__bionic_cmpxchg(mvalue, newval, &mutex->value) == 0)) {
                /* success: we still own the mutex, so no memory barrier */
                return 0;
            }
            /* the value changed, so reload and loop */
            mvalue = mutex->value;
        }
    }

    /* the counter is 0, so we're going to unlock the mutex by resetting
     * its value to 'unlocked'. We need to perform a swap in order
     * to read the current state, which will be 2 if there are waiters
     * to awake.
     *
     * TODO: Change this to __bionic_swap_release when we implement it
     *        to get rid of the explicit memory barrier below.
     */
    ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();  /* RELEASE BARRIER */
    mvalue = __bionic_swap(mtype | shared | MUTEX_STATE_BITS_UNLOCKED, &mutex->value);

    /* Wake one waiting thread, if any */
    if (MUTEX_STATE_BITS_IS_LOCKED_CONTENDED(mvalue)) {
        __futex_wake_ex(&mutex->value, shared, 1);
    }
    return 0;
}

int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
{
#ifdef PTHREAD_DEBUG
    if (PTHREAD_DEBUG_ENABLED) {
        pthread_debug_mutex_unlock_check(mutex);
    }
#endif
    return pthread_mutex_unlock_impl(mutex);
}

__LIBC_HIDDEN__
int pthread_mutex_trylock_impl(pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
{
    int mvalue, mtype, tid, oldv, shared;

    if (__unlikely(mutex == NULL))
        return EINVAL;

    mvalue = mutex->value;
    mtype  = (mvalue & MUTEX_TYPE_MASK);
    shared = (mvalue & MUTEX_SHARED_MASK);

    /* Handle common case first */
    if ( __likely(mtype == MUTEX_TYPE_BITS_NORMAL) )
    {
        if (__bionic_cmpxchg(shared|MUTEX_STATE_BITS_UNLOCKED,
                             shared|MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED,
                             &mutex->value) == 0) {
            ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();
            return 0;
        }

        return EBUSY;
    }

    /* Do we already own this recursive or error-check mutex ? */
    tid = __get_thread()->kernel_id;
    if ( tid == MUTEX_OWNER_FROM_BITS(mvalue) )
        return _recursive_increment(mutex, mvalue, mtype);

    /* Same as pthread_mutex_lock, except that we don't want to wait, and
     * the only operation that can succeed is a single cmpxchg to acquire the
     * lock if it is released / not owned by anyone. No need for a complex loop.
     */
    mtype |= shared | MUTEX_STATE_BITS_UNLOCKED;
    mvalue = MUTEX_OWNER_TO_BITS(tid) | mtype | MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED;

    if (__likely(__bionic_cmpxchg(mtype, mvalue, &mutex->value) == 0)) {
        ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();
        return 0;
    }

    return EBUSY;
}

int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
{
    int err = pthread_mutex_trylock_impl(mutex);
#ifdef PTHREAD_DEBUG
    if (PTHREAD_DEBUG_ENABLED) {
        if (!err) {
            pthread_debug_mutex_lock_check(mutex);
        }
    }
#endif
    return err;
}

/* initialize 'ts' with the difference between 'abstime' and the current time
 * according to 'clock'. Returns -1 if abstime already expired, or 0 otherwise.
 */
static int
__timespec_to_absolute(struct timespec*  ts, const struct timespec*  abstime, clockid_t  clock)
{
    clock_gettime(clock, ts);
    ts->tv_sec  = abstime->tv_sec - ts->tv_sec;
    ts->tv_nsec = abstime->tv_nsec - ts->tv_nsec;
    if (ts->tv_nsec < 0) {
        ts->tv_sec--;
        ts->tv_nsec += 1000000000;
    }
    if ((ts->tv_nsec < 0) || (ts->tv_sec < 0))
        return -1;

    return 0;
}

/* initialize 'abstime' to the current time according to 'clock' plus 'msecs'
 * milliseconds.
 */
static void
__timespec_to_relative_msec(struct timespec*  abstime, unsigned  msecs, clockid_t  clock)
{
    clock_gettime(clock, abstime);
    abstime->tv_sec  += msecs/1000;
    abstime->tv_nsec += (msecs%1000)*1000000;
    if (abstime->tv_nsec >= 1000000000) {
        abstime->tv_sec++;
        abstime->tv_nsec -= 1000000000;
    }
}

__LIBC_HIDDEN__
int pthread_mutex_lock_timeout_np_impl(pthread_mutex_t *mutex, unsigned msecs)
{
    clockid_t        clock = CLOCK_MONOTONIC;
    struct timespec  abstime;
    struct timespec  ts;
    int               mvalue, mtype, tid, oldv, new_lock_type, shared;

    /* compute absolute expiration time */
    __timespec_to_relative_msec(&abstime, msecs, clock);

    if (__unlikely(mutex == NULL))
        return EINVAL;

    mvalue = mutex->value;
    mtype  = (mvalue & MUTEX_TYPE_MASK);
    shared = (mvalue & MUTEX_SHARED_MASK);

    /* Handle common case first */
    if ( __likely(mtype == MUTEX_TYPE_BITS_NORMAL) )
    {
        const int unlocked           = shared | MUTEX_STATE_BITS_UNLOCKED;
        const int locked_uncontended = shared | MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED;
        const int locked_contended   = shared | MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_CONTENDED;

        /* fast path for uncontended lock. Note: MUTEX_TYPE_BITS_NORMAL is 0 */
        if (__bionic_cmpxchg(unlocked, locked_uncontended, &mutex->value) == 0) {
            ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();
            return 0;
        }

        /* loop while needed */
        while (__bionic_swap(locked_contended, &mutex->value) != unlocked) {
            if (__timespec_to_absolute(&ts, &abstime, clock) < 0)
                return EBUSY;

            __futex_wait_ex(&mutex->value, shared, locked_contended, &ts);
        }
        ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();
        return 0;
    }

    /* Do we already own this recursive or error-check mutex ? */
    tid = __get_thread()->kernel_id;
    if ( tid == MUTEX_OWNER_FROM_BITS(mvalue) )
        return _recursive_increment(mutex, mvalue, mtype);

    /* the following implements the same loop than pthread_mutex_lock_impl
     * but adds checks to ensure that the operation never exceeds the
     * absolute expiration time.
     */
    mtype |= shared;

    /* first try a quick lock */
    if (mvalue == mtype) {
        mvalue = MUTEX_OWNER_TO_BITS(tid) | mtype | MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED;
        if (__likely(__bionic_cmpxchg(mtype, mvalue, &mutex->value) == 0)) {
            ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();
            return 0;
        }
        mvalue = mutex->value;
    }

    for (;;) {
        struct timespec ts;

        /* if the value is 'unlocked', try to acquire it directly */
        /* NOTE: put state to 2 since we know there is contention */
        if (mvalue == mtype) /* unlocked */ {
            mvalue = MUTEX_OWNER_TO_BITS(tid) | mtype | MUTEX_STATE_BITS_LOCKED_CONTENDED;
            if (__bionic_cmpxchg(mtype, mvalue, &mutex->value) == 0) {
                ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();
                return 0;
            }
            /* the value changed before we could lock it. We need to check
             * the time to avoid livelocks, reload the value, then loop again. */
            if (__timespec_to_absolute(&ts, &abstime, clock) < 0)
                return EBUSY;

            mvalue = mutex->value;
            continue;
        }

        /* The value is locked. If 'uncontended', try to switch its state
         * to 'contented' to ensure we get woken up later. */
        if (MUTEX_STATE_BITS_IS_LOCKED_UNCONTENDED(mvalue)) {
            int newval = MUTEX_STATE_BITS_FLIP_CONTENTION(mvalue);
            if (__bionic_cmpxchg(mvalue, newval, &mutex->value) != 0) {
                /* this failed because the value changed, reload it */
                mvalue = mutex->value;
            } else {
                /* this succeeded, update mvalue */
                mvalue = newval;
            }
        }

        /* check time and update 'ts' */
        if (__timespec_to_absolute(&ts, &abstime, clock) < 0)
            return EBUSY;

        /* Only wait to be woken up if the state is '2', otherwise we'll
         * simply loop right now. This can happen when the second cmpxchg
         * in our loop failed because the mutex was unlocked by another
         * thread.
         */
        if (MUTEX_STATE_BITS_IS_LOCKED_CONTENDED(mvalue)) {
            if (__futex_wait_ex(&mutex->value, shared, mvalue, &ts) == ETIMEDOUT) {
                return EBUSY;
            }
            mvalue = mutex->value;
        }
    }
    /* NOTREACHED */
}

int pthread_mutex_lock_timeout_np(pthread_mutex_t *mutex, unsigned msecs)
{
    int err = pthread_mutex_lock_timeout_np_impl(mutex, msecs);
#ifdef PTHREAD_DEBUG
    if (PTHREAD_DEBUG_ENABLED) {
        if (!err) {
            pthread_debug_mutex_lock_check(mutex);
        }
    }
#endif
    return err;
}

int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
{
    int ret;

    /* use trylock to ensure that the mutex value is
     * valid and is not already locked. */
    ret = pthread_mutex_trylock_impl(mutex);
    if (ret != 0)
        return ret;

    mutex->value = 0xdead10cc;
    return 0;
}



int pthread_condattr_init(pthread_condattr_t *attr)
{
    if (attr == NULL)
        return EINVAL;

    *attr = PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_condattr_getpshared(pthread_condattr_t *attr, int *pshared)
{
    if (attr == NULL || pshared == NULL)
        return EINVAL;

    *pshared = *attr;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_condattr_setpshared(pthread_condattr_t *attr, int pshared)
{
    if (attr == NULL)
        return EINVAL;

    if (pshared != PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED &&
        pshared != PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE)
        return EINVAL;

    *attr = pshared;
    return 0;
}

int pthread_condattr_destroy(pthread_condattr_t *attr)
{
    if (attr == NULL)
        return EINVAL;

    *attr = 0xdeada11d;
    return 0;
}

/* We use one bit in condition variable values as the 'shared' flag
 * The rest is a counter.
 */
#define COND_SHARED_MASK        0x0001
#define COND_COUNTER_INCREMENT  0x0002
#define COND_COUNTER_MASK       (~COND_SHARED_MASK)

#define COND_IS_SHARED(c)  (((c)->value & COND_SHARED_MASK) != 0)

/* XXX *technically* there is a race condition that could allow
 * XXX a signal to be missed.  If thread A is preempted in _wait()
 * XXX after unlocking the mutex and before waiting, and if other
 * XXX threads call signal or broadcast UINT_MAX/2 times (exactly),
 * XXX before thread A is scheduled again and calls futex_wait(),
 * XXX then the signal will be lost.
 */

int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *cond,
                      const pthread_condattr_t *attr)
{
    if (cond == NULL)
        return EINVAL;

    cond->value = 0;

    if (attr != NULL && *attr == PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED)
        cond->value |= COND_SHARED_MASK;

    return 0;
}

int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t *cond)
{
    if (cond == NULL)
        return EINVAL;

    cond->value = 0xdeadc04d;
    return 0;
}

/* This function is used by pthread_cond_broadcast and
 * pthread_cond_signal to atomically decrement the counter
 * then wake-up 'counter' threads.
 */
static int
__pthread_cond_pulse(pthread_cond_t *cond, int  counter)
{
    long flags;

    if (__unlikely(cond == NULL))
        return EINVAL;

    flags = (cond->value & ~COND_COUNTER_MASK);
    for (;;) {
        long oldval = cond->value;
        long newval = ((oldval - COND_COUNTER_INCREMENT) & COND_COUNTER_MASK)
                      | flags;
        if (__bionic_cmpxchg(oldval, newval, &cond->value) == 0)
            break;
    }

    /*
     * Ensure that all memory accesses previously made by this thread are
     * visible to the woken thread(s).  On the other side, the "wait"
     * code will issue any necessary barriers when locking the mutex.
     *
     * This may not strictly be necessary -- if the caller follows
     * recommended practice and holds the mutex before signaling the cond
     * var, the mutex ops will provide correct semantics.  If they don't
     * hold the mutex, they're subject to race conditions anyway.
     */
    ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();

    __futex_wake_ex(&cond->value, COND_IS_SHARED(cond), counter);
    return 0;
}

int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t *cond)
{
    return __pthread_cond_pulse(cond, INT_MAX);
}

int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *cond)
{
    return __pthread_cond_pulse(cond, 1);
}

int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
{
    return pthread_cond_timedwait(cond, mutex, NULL);
}

int __pthread_cond_timedwait_relative(pthread_cond_t *cond,
                                      pthread_mutex_t * mutex,
                                      const struct timespec *reltime)
{
    int  status;
    int  oldvalue = cond->value;

    pthread_mutex_unlock(mutex);
    status = __futex_wait_ex(&cond->value, COND_IS_SHARED(cond), oldvalue, reltime);
    pthread_mutex_lock(mutex);

    if (status == (-ETIMEDOUT)) return ETIMEDOUT;
    return 0;
}

int __pthread_cond_timedwait(pthread_cond_t *cond,
                             pthread_mutex_t * mutex,
                             const struct timespec *abstime,
                             clockid_t clock)
{
    struct timespec ts;
    struct timespec * tsp;

    if (abstime != NULL) {
        if (__timespec_to_absolute(&ts, abstime, clock) < 0)
            return ETIMEDOUT;
        tsp = &ts;
    } else {
        tsp = NULL;
    }

    return __pthread_cond_timedwait_relative(cond, mutex, tsp);
}

int pthread_cond_timedwait(pthread_cond_t *cond,
                           pthread_mutex_t * mutex,
                           const struct timespec *abstime)
{
    return __pthread_cond_timedwait(cond, mutex, abstime, CLOCK_REALTIME);
}


/* this one exists only for backward binary compatibility */
int pthread_cond_timedwait_monotonic(pthread_cond_t *cond,
                                     pthread_mutex_t * mutex,
                                     const struct timespec *abstime)
{
    return __pthread_cond_timedwait(cond, mutex, abstime, CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
}

int pthread_cond_timedwait_monotonic_np(pthread_cond_t *cond,
                                     pthread_mutex_t * mutex,
                                     const struct timespec *abstime)
{
    return __pthread_cond_timedwait(cond, mutex, abstime, CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
}

int pthread_cond_timedwait_relative_np(pthread_cond_t *cond,
                                      pthread_mutex_t * mutex,
                                      const struct timespec *reltime)
{
    return __pthread_cond_timedwait_relative(cond, mutex, reltime);
}

int pthread_cond_timeout_np(pthread_cond_t *cond,
                            pthread_mutex_t * mutex,
                            unsigned msecs)
{
    struct timespec ts;

    ts.tv_sec = msecs / 1000;
    ts.tv_nsec = (msecs % 1000) * 1000000;

    return __pthread_cond_timedwait_relative(cond, mutex, &ts);
}



/* A technical note regarding our thread-local-storage (TLS) implementation:
 *
 * There can be up to TLSMAP_SIZE independent TLS keys in a given process,
 * though the first TLSMAP_START keys are reserved for Bionic to hold
 * special thread-specific variables like errno or a pointer to
 * the current thread's descriptor.
 *
 * while stored in the TLS area, these entries cannot be accessed through
 * pthread_getspecific() / pthread_setspecific() and pthread_key_delete()
 *
 * also, some entries in the key table are pre-allocated (see tlsmap_lock)
 * to greatly simplify and speedup some OpenGL-related operations. though the
 * initialy value will be NULL on all threads.
 *
 * you can use pthread_getspecific()/setspecific() on these, and in theory
 * you could also call pthread_key_delete() as well, though this would
 * probably break some apps.
 *
 * The 'tlsmap_t' type defined below implements a shared global map of
 * currently created/allocated TLS keys and the destructors associated
 * with them. You should use tlsmap_lock/unlock to access it to avoid
 * any race condition.
 *
 * the global TLS map simply contains a bitmap of allocated keys, and
 * an array of destructors.
 *
 * each thread has a TLS area that is a simple array of TLSMAP_SIZE void*
 * pointers. the TLS area of the main thread is stack-allocated in
 * __libc_init_common, while the TLS area of other threads is placed at
 * the top of their stack in pthread_create.
 *
 * when pthread_key_create() is called, it finds the first free key in the
 * bitmap, then set it to 1, saving the destructor altogether
 *
 * when pthread_key_delete() is called. it will erase the key's bitmap bit
 * and its destructor, and will also clear the key data in the TLS area of
 * all created threads. As mandated by Posix, it is the responsability of
 * the caller of pthread_key_delete() to properly reclaim the objects that
 * were pointed to by these data fields (either before or after the call).
 *
 */

/* TLS Map implementation
 */

#define TLSMAP_START      (TLS_SLOT_MAX_WELL_KNOWN+1)
#define TLSMAP_SIZE       BIONIC_TLS_SLOTS
#define TLSMAP_BITS       32
#define TLSMAP_WORDS      ((TLSMAP_SIZE+TLSMAP_BITS-1)/TLSMAP_BITS)
#define TLSMAP_WORD(m,k)  (m)->map[(k)/TLSMAP_BITS]
#define TLSMAP_MASK(k)    (1U << ((k)&(TLSMAP_BITS-1)))

/* this macro is used to quickly check that a key belongs to a reasonable range */
#define TLSMAP_VALIDATE_KEY(key)  \
    ((key) >= TLSMAP_START && (key) < TLSMAP_SIZE)

/* the type of tls key destructor functions */
typedef void (*tls_dtor_t)(void*);

typedef struct {
    int         init;                  /* see comment in tlsmap_lock() */
    uint32_t    map[TLSMAP_WORDS];     /* bitmap of allocated keys */
    tls_dtor_t  dtors[TLSMAP_SIZE];    /* key destructors */
} tlsmap_t;

static pthread_mutex_t  _tlsmap_lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
static tlsmap_t         _tlsmap;

/* lock the global TLS map lock and return a handle to it */
static __inline__ tlsmap_t* tlsmap_lock(void)
{
    tlsmap_t*   m = &_tlsmap;

    pthread_mutex_lock(&_tlsmap_lock);
    /* we need to initialize the first entry of the 'map' array
     * with the value TLS_DEFAULT_ALLOC_MAP. doing it statically
     * when declaring _tlsmap is a bit awkward and is going to
     * produce warnings, so do it the first time we use the map
     * instead
     */
    if (__unlikely(!m->init)) {
        TLSMAP_WORD(m,0) = TLS_DEFAULT_ALLOC_MAP;
        m->init          = 1;
    }
    return m;
}

/* unlock the global TLS map */
static __inline__ void tlsmap_unlock(tlsmap_t*  m)
{
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&_tlsmap_lock);
    (void)m;  /* a good compiler is a happy compiler */
}

/* test to see wether a key is allocated */
static __inline__ int tlsmap_test(tlsmap_t*  m, int  key)
{
    return (TLSMAP_WORD(m,key) & TLSMAP_MASK(key)) != 0;
}

/* set the destructor and bit flag on a newly allocated key */
static __inline__ void tlsmap_set(tlsmap_t*  m, int  key, tls_dtor_t  dtor)
{
    TLSMAP_WORD(m,key) |= TLSMAP_MASK(key);
    m->dtors[key]       = dtor;
}

/* clear the destructor and bit flag on an existing key */
static __inline__ void  tlsmap_clear(tlsmap_t*  m, int  key)
{
    TLSMAP_WORD(m,key) &= ~TLSMAP_MASK(key);
    m->dtors[key]       = NULL;
}

/* allocate a new TLS key, return -1 if no room left */
static int tlsmap_alloc(tlsmap_t*  m, tls_dtor_t  dtor)
{
    int  key;

    for ( key = TLSMAP_START; key < TLSMAP_SIZE; key++ ) {
        if ( !tlsmap_test(m, key) ) {
            tlsmap_set(m, key, dtor);
            return key;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}


int pthread_key_create(pthread_key_t *key, void (*destructor_function)(void *))
{
    uint32_t   err = ENOMEM;
    tlsmap_t*  map = tlsmap_lock();
    int        k   = tlsmap_alloc(map, destructor_function);

    if (k >= 0) {
        *key = k;
        err  = 0;
    }
    tlsmap_unlock(map);
    return err;
}


/* This deletes a pthread_key_t. note that the standard mandates that this does
 * not call the destructor of non-NULL key values. Instead, it is the
 * responsability of the caller to properly dispose of the corresponding data
 * and resources, using any mean it finds suitable.
 *
 * On the other hand, this function will clear the corresponding key data
 * values in all known threads. this prevents later (invalid) calls to
 * pthread_getspecific() to receive invalid/stale values.
 */
int pthread_key_delete(pthread_key_t key)
{
    uint32_t             err;
    pthread_internal_t*  thr;
    tlsmap_t*            map;

    if (!TLSMAP_VALIDATE_KEY(key)) {
        return EINVAL;
    }

    map = tlsmap_lock();

    if (!tlsmap_test(map, key)) {
        err = EINVAL;
        goto err1;
    }

    /* clear value in all threads */
    pthread_mutex_lock(&gThreadListLock);
    for ( thr = gThreadList; thr != NULL; thr = thr->next ) {
        /* avoid zombie threads with a negative 'join_count'. these are really
         * already dead and don't have a TLS area anymore.
         *
         * similarly, it is possible to have thr->tls == NULL for threads that
         * were just recently created through pthread_create() but whose
         * startup trampoline (__thread_entry) hasn't been run yet by the
         * scheduler. so check for this too.
         */
        if (thr->join_count < 0 || !thr->tls)
            continue;

        thr->tls[key] = NULL;
    }
    tlsmap_clear(map, key);

    pthread_mutex_unlock(&gThreadListLock);
    err = 0;

err1:
    tlsmap_unlock(map);
    return err;
}


int pthread_setspecific(pthread_key_t key, const void *ptr)
{
    int        err = EINVAL;
    tlsmap_t*  map;

    if (TLSMAP_VALIDATE_KEY(key)) {
        /* check that we're trying to set data for an allocated key */
        map = tlsmap_lock();
        if (tlsmap_test(map, key)) {
            ((uint32_t *)__get_tls())[key] = (uint32_t)ptr;
            err = 0;
        }
        tlsmap_unlock(map);
    }
    return err;
}

void * pthread_getspecific(pthread_key_t key)
{
    if (!TLSMAP_VALIDATE_KEY(key)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    /* for performance reason, we do not lock/unlock the global TLS map
     * to check that the key is properly allocated. if the key was not
     * allocated, the value read from the TLS should always be NULL
     * due to pthread_key_delete() clearing the values for all threads.
     */
    return (void *)(((unsigned *)__get_tls())[key]);
}

/* Posix mandates that this be defined in <limits.h> but we don't have
 * it just yet.
 */
#ifndef PTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS
#  define PTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS  4
#endif

/* this function is called from pthread_exit() to remove all TLS key data
 * from this thread's TLS area. this must call the destructor of all keys
 * that have a non-NULL data value (and a non-NULL destructor).
 *
 * because destructors can do funky things like deleting/creating other
 * keys, we need to implement this in a loop
 */
static void pthread_key_clean_all(void)
{
    tlsmap_t*    map;
    void**       tls = (void**)__get_tls();
    int          rounds = PTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS;

    map = tlsmap_lock();

    for (rounds = PTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS; rounds > 0; rounds--)
    {
        int  kk, count = 0;

        for (kk = TLSMAP_START; kk < TLSMAP_SIZE; kk++) {
            if ( tlsmap_test(map, kk) )
            {
                void*       data = tls[kk];
                tls_dtor_t  dtor = map->dtors[kk];

                if (data != NULL && dtor != NULL)
                {
                   /* we need to clear the key data now, this will prevent the
                    * destructor (or a later one) from seeing the old value if
                    * it calls pthread_getspecific() for some odd reason
                    *
                    * we do not do this if 'dtor == NULL' just in case another
                    * destructor function might be responsible for manually
                    * releasing the corresponding data.
                    */
                    tls[kk] = NULL;

                   /* because the destructor is free to call pthread_key_create
                    * and/or pthread_key_delete, we need to temporarily unlock
                    * the TLS map
                    */
                    tlsmap_unlock(map);
                    (*dtor)(data);
                    map = tlsmap_lock();

                    count += 1;
                }
            }
        }

        /* if we didn't call any destructor, there is no need to check the
         * TLS data again
         */
        if (count == 0)
            break;
    }
    tlsmap_unlock(map);
}

// man says this should be in <linux/unistd.h>, but it isn't
extern int tgkill(int tgid, int tid, int sig);

int pthread_kill(pthread_t tid, int sig)
{
    int  ret;
    int  old_errno = errno;
    pthread_internal_t * thread = (pthread_internal_t *)tid;

    ret = tgkill(getpid(), thread->kernel_id, sig);
    if (ret < 0) {
        ret = errno;
        errno = old_errno;
    }

    return ret;
}

/* Despite the fact that our kernel headers define sigset_t explicitly
 * as a 32-bit integer, the kernel system call really expects a 64-bit
 * bitmap for the signal set, or more exactly an array of two-32-bit
 * values (see $KERNEL/arch/$ARCH/include/asm/signal.h for details).
 *
 * Unfortunately, we cannot fix the sigset_t definition without breaking
 * the C library ABI, so perform a little runtime translation here.
 */
typedef union {
    sigset_t   bionic;
    uint32_t   kernel[2];
} kernel_sigset_t;

/* this is a private syscall stub */
extern int __rt_sigprocmask(int, const kernel_sigset_t *, kernel_sigset_t *, size_t);

int pthread_sigmask(int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oset)
{
    /* pthread_sigmask must return the error code, but the syscall
     * will set errno instead and return 0/-1
     */
    int ret, old_errno = errno;

    /* We must convert *set into a kernel_sigset_t */
    kernel_sigset_t  in_set, *in_set_ptr;
    kernel_sigset_t  out_set;

    in_set.kernel[0] = in_set.kernel[1] = 0;
    out_set.kernel[0] = out_set.kernel[1] = 0;

    /* 'in_set_ptr' is the second parameter to __rt_sigprocmask. It must be NULL
     * if 'set' is NULL to ensure correct semantics (which in this case would
     * be to ignore 'how' and return the current signal set into 'oset'.
     */
    if (set == NULL) {
        in_set_ptr = NULL;
    } else {
        in_set.bionic = *set;
        in_set_ptr = &in_set;
    }

    ret = __rt_sigprocmask(how, in_set_ptr, &out_set, sizeof(kernel_sigset_t));
    if (ret < 0)
        ret = errno;

    if (oset)
        *oset = out_set.bionic;

    errno = old_errno;
    return ret;
}


int pthread_getcpuclockid(pthread_t  tid, clockid_t  *clockid)
{
    const int            CLOCK_IDTYPE_BITS = 3;
    pthread_internal_t*  thread = (pthread_internal_t*)tid;

    if (!thread)
        return ESRCH;

    *clockid = CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID | (thread->kernel_id << CLOCK_IDTYPE_BITS);
    return 0;
}


/* NOTE: this implementation doesn't support a init function that throws a C++ exception
 *       or calls fork()
 */
int  pthread_once( pthread_once_t*  once_control,  void (*init_routine)(void) )
{
    static pthread_mutex_t   once_lock = PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
    volatile pthread_once_t* ocptr = once_control;
    pthread_once_t value;

    /* PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT is 0, we use the following bit flags
     *
     *   bit 0 set  -> initialization is under way
     *   bit 1 set  -> initialization is complete
     */
#define ONCE_INITIALIZING           (1 << 0)
#define ONCE_COMPLETED              (1 << 1)

    /* First check if the once is already initialized. This will be the common
    * case and we want to make this as fast as possible. Note that this still
    * requires a load_acquire operation here to ensure that all the
    * stores performed by the initialization function are observable on
    * this CPU after we exit.
    */
    if (__likely((*ocptr & ONCE_COMPLETED) != 0)) {
        ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();
        return 0;
    }

    for (;;) {
        /* Try to atomically set the INITIALIZING flag.
         * This requires a cmpxchg loop, and we may need
         * to exit prematurely if we detect that 
         * COMPLETED is now set.
         */
        int32_t  oldval, newval;

        do {
            oldval = *ocptr;
            if ((oldval & ONCE_COMPLETED) != 0)
                break;

            newval = oldval | ONCE_INITIALIZING;
        } while (__bionic_cmpxchg(oldval, newval, ocptr) != 0);

        if ((oldval & ONCE_COMPLETED) != 0) {
            /* We detected that COMPLETED was set while in our loop */
            ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();
            return 0;
        }

        if ((oldval & ONCE_INITIALIZING) == 0) {
            /* We got there first, we can jump out of the loop to
             * handle the initialization */
            break;
        }

        /* Another thread is running the initialization and hasn't completed
         * yet, so wait for it, then try again. */
        __futex_wait_ex(ocptr, 0, oldval, NULL);
    }

    /* call the initialization function. */
    (*init_routine)();

    /* Do a store_release indicating that initialization is complete */
    ANDROID_MEMBAR_FULL();
    *ocptr = ONCE_COMPLETED;

    /* Wake up any waiters, if any */
    __futex_wake_ex(ocptr, 0, INT_MAX);

    return 0;
}

/* This value is not exported by kernel headers, so hardcode it here */
#define MAX_TASK_COMM_LEN	16
#define TASK_COMM_FMT 		"/proc/self/task/%u/comm"

int pthread_setname_np(pthread_t thid, const char *thname)
{
    size_t thname_len;
    int saved_errno, ret;

    if (thid == 0 || thname == NULL)
        return EINVAL;

    thname_len = strlen(thname);
    if (thname_len >= MAX_TASK_COMM_LEN)
        return ERANGE;

    saved_errno = errno;
    if (thid == pthread_self())
    {
        ret = prctl(PR_SET_NAME, (unsigned long)thname, 0, 0, 0) ? errno : 0;
    }
    else
    {
        /* Have to change another thread's name */
        pthread_internal_t *thread = (pthread_internal_t *)thid;
        char comm_name[sizeof(TASK_COMM_FMT) + 8];
        ssize_t n;
        int fd;

        snprintf(comm_name, sizeof(comm_name), TASK_COMM_FMT, (unsigned int)thread->kernel_id);
        fd = open(comm_name, O_RDWR);
        if (fd == -1)
        {
            ret = errno;
            goto exit;
        }
        n = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, thname, thname_len));
        close(fd);

        if (n < 0)
            ret = errno;
        else if ((size_t)n != thname_len)
            ret = EIO;
        else
            ret = 0;
    }
exit:
    errno = saved_errno;
    return ret;
}

/* Return the kernel thread ID for a pthread.
 * This is only defined for implementations where pthread <-> kernel is 1:1, which this is.
 * Not the same as pthread_getthreadid_np, which is commonly defined to be opaque.
 * Internal, not an NDK API.
 */

pid_t __pthread_gettid(pthread_t thid)
{
    pthread_internal_t* thread = (pthread_internal_t*)thid;
    return thread->kernel_id;
}

int __pthread_settid(pthread_t thid, pid_t tid)
{
    if (thid == 0)
        return EINVAL;

    pthread_internal_t* thread = (pthread_internal_t*)thid;
    thread->kernel_id = tid;

    return 0;
}