)]}'
{
  "log": [
    {
      "commit": "c33fa9f5609e918824446ef9a75319d4a802f1f4",
      "tree": "ab711865ba14d4e3d21c2e480e8b113fc73e08a2",
      "parents": [
        "4b119e21d0c66c22e8ca03df05d9de623d0eb50f"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Ingo Molnar",
        "email": "mingo@elte.hu",
        "time": "Thu Apr 17 20:05:36 2008 +0200"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Ingo Molnar",
        "email": "mingo@elte.hu",
        "time": "Thu Apr 17 20:05:36 2008 +0200"
      },
      "message": "uaccess: add probe_kernel_write()\n\nadd probe_kernel_read() and probe_kernel_write().\n\nUninlined and restricted to kernel range memory only, as suggested\nby Linus.\n\nSigned-off-by: Ingo Molnar \u003cmingo@elte.hu\u003e\nReviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner \u003ctglx@linutronix.de\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "00f0b8259e48979c37212995d798f3fbd0374690",
      "tree": "589e8250c016450324e0c730139d020cf2bf887c",
      "parents": [
        "804defea1c020d5c52985685e56986f1a399acde"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Balbir Singh",
        "email": "balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com",
        "time": "Tue Mar 04 14:28:39 2008 -0800"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@woody.linux-foundation.org",
        "time": "Tue Mar 04 16:35:12 2008 -0800"
      },
      "message": "Memory controller: rename to Memory Resource Controller\n\nRename Memory Controller to Memory Resource Controller.  Reflect the same\nchanges in the CONFIG definition for the Memory Resource Controller.  Group\ntogether the config options for Resource Counters and Memory Resource\nController.\n\nSigned-off-by: Balbir Singh \u003cbalbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com\u003e\nCc: Paul Menage \u003cmenage@google.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@linux-foundation.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@linux-foundation.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "8cdea7c05454260c0d4d83503949c358eb131d17",
      "tree": "62f8d7262744dd9ec507252bf3e84a89c088ff9b",
      "parents": [
        "e552b6617067ab785256dcec5ca29eeea981aacb"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Balbir Singh",
        "email": "balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com",
        "time": "Thu Feb 07 00:13:50 2008 -0800"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@woody.linux-foundation.org",
        "time": "Thu Feb 07 08:42:18 2008 -0800"
      },
      "message": "Memory controller: cgroups setup\n\nSetup the memory cgroup and add basic hooks and controls to integrate\nand work with the cgroup.\n\nSigned-off-by: Balbir Singh \u003cbalbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com\u003e\nCc: Pavel Emelianov \u003cxemul@openvz.org\u003e\nCc: Paul Menage \u003cmenage@google.com\u003e\nCc: Peter Zijlstra \u003ca.p.zijlstra@chello.nl\u003e\nCc: \"Eric W. Biederman\" \u003cebiederm@xmission.com\u003e\nCc: Nick Piggin \u003cnickpiggin@yahoo.com.au\u003e\nCc: Kirill Korotaev \u003cdev@sw.ru\u003e\nCc: Herbert Poetzl \u003cherbert@13thfloor.at\u003e\nCc: David Rientjes \u003crientjes@google.com\u003e\nCc: Vaidyanathan Srinivasan \u003csvaidy@linux.vnet.ibm.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@linux-foundation.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@linux-foundation.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "b297d520b9af536d5580ac505dd316be4cf5560c",
      "tree": "a8f292b308c166ebd383b73fa09538775352c874",
      "parents": [
        "c773633916c66f8362ca01983d97bd33e35b743f",
        "e34f44b3517fe545f7fd45a8c2f6ee1e5e4432d3"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@woody.linux-foundation.org",
        "time": "Tue Feb 05 19:05:48 2008 -0800"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@woody.linux-foundation.org",
        "time": "Tue Feb 05 19:05:48 2008 -0800"
      },
      "message": "Merge branch \u0027dmapool\u0027 of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/willy/misc\n\n* \u0027dmapool\u0027 of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/willy/misc:\n  pool: Improve memory usage for devices which can\u0027t cross boundaries\n  Change dmapool free block management\n  dmapool: Tidy up includes and add comments\n  dmapool: Validate parameters to dma_pool_create\n  Avoid taking waitqueue lock in dmapool\n  dmapool: Fix style problems\n  Move dmapool.c to mm/ directory\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "1e88328111aae3ea408f346763ba9f9bad71f876",
      "tree": "22be92057a7426ca5b6c8ee9b136bbc417c902a8",
      "parents": [
        "304daa8132a95e998b6716d4b7bd8bd76aa152b2"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Matt Mackall",
        "email": "mpm@selenic.com",
        "time": "Mon Feb 04 22:29:07 2008 -0800"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@woody.linux-foundation.org",
        "time": "Tue Feb 05 09:44:17 2008 -0800"
      },
      "message": "maps4: make page monitoring /proc file optional\n\nMake /proc/ page monitoring configurable\n\nThis puts the following files under an embedded config option:\n\n/proc/pid/clear_refs\n/proc/pid/smaps\n/proc/pid/pagemap\n/proc/kpagecount\n/proc/kpageflags\n\n[akpm@linux-foundation.org: Kconfig fix]\nSigned-off-by: Matt Mackall \u003cmpm@selenic.com\u003e\nCc: Dave Hansen \u003chaveblue@us.ibm.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@linux-foundation.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@linux-foundation.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "e6473092bd9116583ce9ab8cf1b6570e1aa6fc83",
      "tree": "e91a7ca6ce89f24a4a2d500d748dabf727c61887",
      "parents": [
        "698dd4ba6b12e34e1e432c944c01478c0b2cd773"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Matt Mackall",
        "email": "mpm@selenic.com",
        "time": "Mon Feb 04 22:29:01 2008 -0800"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@woody.linux-foundation.org",
        "time": "Tue Feb 05 09:44:16 2008 -0800"
      },
      "message": "maps4: introduce a generic page walker\n\nIntroduce a general page table walker\n\nSigned-off-by: Matt Mackall \u003cmpm@selenic.com\u003e\nCc: Dave Hansen \u003chaveblue@us.ibm.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@linux-foundation.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@linux-foundation.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "141e9d4b5492499c4735d764b599c21e83dac154",
      "tree": "6f18a6c1c73f7c62412a3cd17191cd6c75652d60",
      "parents": [
        "09b56adc98e0f8a21644fcb4d20ad367c3fceb55"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Matthew Wilcox",
        "email": "matthew@wil.cx",
        "time": "Mon Dec 03 11:57:48 2007 -0500"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Matthew Wilcox",
        "email": "matthew@wil.cx",
        "time": "Tue Dec 04 10:39:54 2007 -0500"
      },
      "message": "Move dmapool.c to mm/ directory\n\nSigned-off-by: Matthew Wilcox \u003cwilly@linux.intel.com\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "a5d76b54a3f3a40385d7f76069a2feac9f1bad63",
      "tree": "f58c432a4224b3be032bd4a4afa79dfa55d198a6",
      "parents": [
        "75884fb1c6388f3713ddcca662f3647b3129aaeb"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki",
        "email": "kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com",
        "time": "Tue Oct 16 01:26:11 2007 -0700"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@woody.linux-foundation.org",
        "time": "Tue Oct 16 09:43:02 2007 -0700"
      },
      "message": "memory unplug: page isolation\n\nImplement generic chunk-of-pages isolation method by using page grouping ops.\n\nThis patch add MIGRATE_ISOLATE to MIGRATE_TYPES. By this\n - MIGRATE_TYPES increases.\n - bitmap for migratetype is enlarged.\n\npages of MIGRATE_ISOLATE migratetype will not be allocated even if it is free.\nBy this, you can isolated *freed* pages from users. How-to-free pages is not\na purpose of this patch. You may use reclaim and migrate codes to free pages.\n\nIf start_isolate_page_range(start,end) is called,\n - migratetype of the range turns to be MIGRATE_ISOLATE  if\n   its type is MIGRATE_MOVABLE. (*) this check can be updated if other\n   memory reclaiming works make progress.\n - MIGRATE_ISOLATE is not on migratetype fallback list.\n - All free pages and will-be-freed pages are isolated.\nTo check all pages in the range are isolated or not,  use test_pages_isolated(),\nTo cancel isolation, use undo_isolate_page_range().\n\nChanges V6 -\u003e V7\n - removed unnecessary #ifdef\n\nThere are HOLES_IN_ZONE handling codes...I\u0027m glad if we can remove them..\n\nSigned-off-by: Yasunori Goto \u003cy-goto@jp.fujitsu.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki \u003ckamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@linux-foundation.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@linux-foundation.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "8f6aac419bd590f535fb110875a51f7db2b62b5b",
      "tree": "64e73e9f7a4b5a68648a2b4b16e66307c3d8d3cf",
      "parents": [
        "540557b9439ec19668553830c90222f9fb0c2e95"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Christoph Lameter",
        "email": "clameter@sgi.com",
        "time": "Tue Oct 16 01:24:13 2007 -0700"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@woody.linux-foundation.org",
        "time": "Tue Oct 16 09:42:51 2007 -0700"
      },
      "message": "Generic Virtual Memmap support for SPARSEMEM\n\nSPARSEMEM is a pretty nice framework that unifies quite a bit of code over all\nthe arches.  It would be great if it could be the default so that we can get\nrid of various forms of DISCONTIG and other variations on memory maps.  So far\nwhat has hindered this are the additional lookups that SPARSEMEM introduces\nfor virt_to_page and page_address.  This goes so far that the code to do this\nhas to be kept in a separate function and cannot be used inline.\n\nThis patch introduces a virtual memmap mode for SPARSEMEM, in which the memmap\nis mapped into a virtually contigious area, only the active sections are\nphysically backed.  This allows virt_to_page page_address and cohorts become\nsimple shift/add operations.  No page flag fields, no table lookups, nothing\ninvolving memory is required.\n\nThe two key operations pfn_to_page and page_to_page become:\n\n   #define __pfn_to_page(pfn)      (vmemmap + (pfn))\n   #define __page_to_pfn(page)     ((page) - vmemmap)\n\nBy having a virtual mapping for the memmap we allow simple access without\nwasting physical memory.  As kernel memory is typically already mapped 1:1\nthis introduces no additional overhead.  The virtual mapping must be big\nenough to allow a struct page to be allocated and mapped for all valid\nphysical pages.  This vill make a virtual memmap difficult to use on 32 bit\nplatforms that support 36 address bits.\n\nHowever, if there is enough virtual space available and the arch already maps\nits 1-1 kernel space using TLBs (f.e.  true of IA64 and x86_64) then this\ntechnique makes SPARSEMEM lookups even more efficient than CONFIG_FLATMEM.\nFLATMEM needs to read the contents of the mem_map variable to get the start of\nthe memmap and then add the offset to the required entry.  vmemmap is a\nconstant to which we can simply add the offset.\n\nThis patch has the potential to allow us to make SPARSMEM the default (and\neven the only) option for most systems.  It should be optimal on UP, SMP and\nNUMA on most platforms.  Then we may even be able to remove the other memory\nmodels: FLATMEM, DISCONTIG etc.\n\n[apw@shadowen.org: config cleanups, resplit code etc]\n[kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com: Fix sparsemem_vmemmap init]\n[apw@shadowen.org: vmemmap: remove excess debugging]\n[apw@shadowen.org: simplify initialisation code and reduce duplication]\n[apw@shadowen.org: pull out the vmemmap code into its own file]\nSigned-off-by: Christoph Lameter \u003cclameter@sgi.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andy Whitcroft \u003capw@shadowen.org\u003e\nAcked-by: Mel Gorman \u003cmel@csn.ul.ie\u003e\nCc: \"Luck, Tony\" \u003ctony.luck@intel.com\u003e\nCc: Andi Kleen \u003cak@suse.de\u003e\nCc: \"David S. Miller\" \u003cdavem@davemloft.net\u003e\nCc: Paul Mackerras \u003cpaulus@samba.org\u003e\nCc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt \u003cbenh@kernel.crashing.org\u003e\nCc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki \u003ckamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki \u003ckamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@linux-foundation.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@linux-foundation.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "2a7326b5bbafac4c96bcdb944b2a773593030b96",
      "tree": "25bc49eadea73cf2133198963d1baf3f5def7316",
      "parents": [
        "831441862956fffa17b9801db37e6ea1650b0f69"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Christoph Lameter",
        "email": "clameter@sgi.com",
        "time": "Tue Jul 17 04:03:37 2007 -0700"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@woody.linux-foundation.org",
        "time": "Tue Jul 17 10:23:02 2007 -0700"
      },
      "message": "CONFIG_BOUNCE to avoid useless inclusion of bounce buffer logic\n\nThe bounce buffer logic is included on systems that do not need it.  If a\nsystem does not have zones like ZONE_DMA and ZONE_HIGHMEM that can lead to\nthe use of bounce buffers then there is no need to reserve memory pools etc\netc.  This is true f.e.  for SGI Altix.\n\nAlso nicifies the Makefile and gets rid of the tricky \"and\" there.\n\nSigned-off-by: Christoph Lameter \u003cclameter@sgi.com\u003e\nAcked-by: Jens Axboe \u003cjens.axboe@oracle.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@linux-foundation.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@linux-foundation.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "6225e93735acaa09865bce746958f1046c2e0bc3",
      "tree": "c741862fbd9f6a1fa350b08debfcfb159bb8bf71",
      "parents": [
        "c09d87517298fd01543739ba26987645deb4e6a9"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Christoph Lameter",
        "email": "clameter@sgi.com",
        "time": "Sun May 06 14:49:50 2007 -0700"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@woody.linux-foundation.org",
        "time": "Mon May 07 12:12:54 2007 -0700"
      },
      "message": "Quicklists for page table pages\n\nOn x86_64 this cuts allocation overhead for page table pages down to a\nfraction (kernel compile / editing load.  TSC based measurement of times spend\nin each function):\n\nno quicklist\n\npte_alloc               1569048 4.3s(401ns/2.7us/179.7us)\npmd_alloc                780988 2.1s(337ns/2.7us/86.1us)\npud_alloc                780072 2.2s(424ns/2.8us/300.6us)\npgd_alloc                260022 1s(920ns/4us/263.1us)\n\nquicklist:\n\npte_alloc                452436 573.4ms(8ns/1.3us/121.1us)\npmd_alloc                196204 174.5ms(7ns/889ns/46.1us)\npud_alloc                195688 172.4ms(7ns/881ns/151.3us)\npgd_alloc                 65228 9.8ms(8ns/150ns/6.1us)\n\npgd allocations are the most complex and there we see the most dramatic\nimprovement (may be we can cut down the amount of pgds cached somewhat?).  But\neven the pte allocations still see a doubling of performance.\n\n1. Proven code from the IA64 arch.\n\n\tThe method used here has been fine tuned for years and\n\tis NUMA aware. It is based on the knowledge that accesses\n\tto page table pages are sparse in nature. Taking a page\n\toff the freelists instead of allocating a zeroed pages\n\tallows a reduction of number of cachelines touched\n\tin addition to getting rid of the slab overhead. So\n\tperformance improves. This is particularly useful if pgds\n\tcontain standard mappings. We can save on the teardown\n\tand setup of such a page if we have some on the quicklists.\n\tThis includes avoiding lists operations that are otherwise\n\tnecessary on alloc and free to track pgds.\n\n2. Light weight alternative to use slab to manage page size pages\n\n\tSlab overhead is significant and even page allocator use\n\tis pretty heavy weight. The use of a per cpu quicklist\n\tmeans that we touch only two cachelines for an allocation.\n\tThere is no need to access the page_struct (unless arch code\n\tneeds to fiddle around with it). So the fast past just\n\tmeans bringing in one cacheline at the beginning of the\n\tpage. That same cacheline may then be used to store the\n\tpage table entry. Or a second cacheline may be used\n\tif the page table entry is not in the first cacheline of\n\tthe page. The current code will zero the page which means\n\ttouching 32 cachelines (assuming 128 byte). We get down\n\tfrom 32 to 2 cachelines in the fast path.\n\n3. x86_64 gets lightweight page table page management.\n\n\tThis will allow x86_64 arch code to faster repopulate pgds\n\tand other page table entries. The list operations for pgds\n\tare reduced in the same way as for i386 to the point where\n\ta pgd is allocated from the page allocator and when it is\n\tfreed back to the page allocator. A pgd can pass through\n\tthe quicklists without having to be reinitialized.\n\n64 Consolidation of code from multiple arches\n\n\tSo far arches have their own implementation of quicklist\n\tmanagement. This patch moves that feature into the core allowing\n\tan easier maintenance and consistent management of quicklists.\n\nPage table pages have the characteristics that they are typically zero or in a\nknown state when they are freed.  This is usually the exactly same state as\nneeded after allocation.  So it makes sense to build a list of freed page\ntable pages and then consume the pages already in use first.  Those pages have\nalready been initialized correctly (thus no need to zero them) and are likely\nalready cached in such a way that the MMU can use them most effectively.  Page\ntable pages are used in a sparse way so zeroing them on allocation is not too\nuseful.\n\nSuch an implementation already exits for ia64.  Howver, that implementation\ndid not support constructors and destructors as needed by i386 / x86_64.  It\nalso only supported a single quicklist.  The implementation here has\nconstructor and destructor support as well as the ability for an arch to\nspecify how many quicklists are needed.\n\nQuicklists are defined by an arch defining CONFIG_QUICKLIST.  If more than one\nquicklist is necessary then we can define NR_QUICK for additional lists.  F.e.\n i386 needs two and thus has\n\nconfig NR_QUICK\n\tint\n\tdefault 2\n\nIf an arch has requested quicklist support then pages can be allocated\nfrom the quicklist (or from the page allocator if the quicklist is\nempty) via:\n\nquicklist_alloc(\u003cquicklist-nr\u003e, \u003cgfpflags\u003e, \u003cconstructor\u003e)\n\nPage table pages can be freed using:\n\nquicklist_free(\u003cquicklist-nr\u003e, \u003cdestructor\u003e, \u003cpage\u003e)\n\nPages must have a definite state after allocation and before\nthey are freed. If no constructor is specified then pages\nwill be zeroed on allocation and must be zeroed before they are\nfreed.\n\nIf a constructor is used then the constructor will establish\na definite page state. F.e. the i386 and x86_64 pgd constructors\nestablish certain mappings.\n\nConstructors and destructors can also be used to track the pages.\ni386 and x86_64 use a list of pgds in order to be able to dynamically\nupdate standard mappings.\n\nSigned-off-by: Christoph Lameter \u003cclameter@sgi.com\u003e\nCc: \"David S. Miller\" \u003cdavem@davemloft.net\u003e\nCc: Andi Kleen \u003cak@suse.de\u003e\nCc: \"Luck, Tony\" \u003ctony.luck@intel.com\u003e\nCc: William Lee Irwin III \u003cwli@holomorphy.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@linux-foundation.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@linux-foundation.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "81819f0fc8285a2a5a921c019e3e3d7b6169d225",
      "tree": "47e3da44d3ef6c74ceae6c3771b191b46467bb48",
      "parents": [
        "543691a6cd70b606dd9bed5e77b120c5d9c5c506"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Christoph Lameter",
        "email": "clameter@sgi.com",
        "time": "Sun May 06 14:49:36 2007 -0700"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@woody.linux-foundation.org",
        "time": "Mon May 07 12:12:53 2007 -0700"
      },
      "message": "SLUB core\n\nThis is a new slab allocator which was motivated by the complexity of the\nexisting code in mm/slab.c. It attempts to address a variety of concerns\nwith the existing implementation.\n\nA. Management of object queues\n\n   A particular concern was the complex management of the numerous object\n   queues in SLAB. SLUB has no such queues. Instead we dedicate a slab for\n   each allocating CPU and use objects from a slab directly instead of\n   queueing them up.\n\nB. Storage overhead of object queues\n\n   SLAB Object queues exist per node, per CPU. The alien cache queue even\n   has a queue array that contain a queue for each processor on each\n   node. For very large systems the number of queues and the number of\n   objects that may be caught in those queues grows exponentially. On our\n   systems with 1k nodes / processors we have several gigabytes just tied up\n   for storing references to objects for those queues  This does not include\n   the objects that could be on those queues. One fears that the whole\n   memory of the machine could one day be consumed by those queues.\n\nC. SLAB meta data overhead\n\n   SLAB has overhead at the beginning of each slab. This means that data\n   cannot be naturally aligned at the beginning of a slab block. SLUB keeps\n   all meta data in the corresponding page_struct. Objects can be naturally\n   aligned in the slab. F.e. a 128 byte object will be aligned at 128 byte\n   boundaries and can fit tightly into a 4k page with no bytes left over.\n   SLAB cannot do this.\n\nD. SLAB has a complex cache reaper\n\n   SLUB does not need a cache reaper for UP systems. On SMP systems\n   the per CPU slab may be pushed back into partial list but that\n   operation is simple and does not require an iteration over a list\n   of objects. SLAB expires per CPU, shared and alien object queues\n   during cache reaping which may cause strange hold offs.\n\nE. SLAB has complex NUMA policy layer support\n\n   SLUB pushes NUMA policy handling into the page allocator. This means that\n   allocation is coarser (SLUB does interleave on a page level) but that\n   situation was also present before 2.6.13. SLABs application of\n   policies to individual slab objects allocated in SLAB is\n   certainly a performance concern due to the frequent references to\n   memory policies which may lead a sequence of objects to come from\n   one node after another. SLUB will get a slab full of objects\n   from one node and then will switch to the next.\n\nF. Reduction of the size of partial slab lists\n\n   SLAB has per node partial lists. This means that over time a large\n   number of partial slabs may accumulate on those lists. These can\n   only be reused if allocator occur on specific nodes. SLUB has a global\n   pool of partial slabs and will consume slabs from that pool to\n   decrease fragmentation.\n\nG. Tunables\n\n   SLAB has sophisticated tuning abilities for each slab cache. One can\n   manipulate the queue sizes in detail. However, filling the queues still\n   requires the uses of the spin lock to check out slabs. SLUB has a global\n   parameter (min_slab_order) for tuning. Increasing the minimum slab\n   order can decrease the locking overhead. The bigger the slab order the\n   less motions of pages between per CPU and partial lists occur and the\n   better SLUB will be scaling.\n\nG. Slab merging\n\n   We often have slab caches with similar parameters. SLUB detects those\n   on boot up and merges them into the corresponding general caches. This\n   leads to more effective memory use. About 50% of all caches can\n   be eliminated through slab merging. This will also decrease\n   slab fragmentation because partial allocated slabs can be filled\n   up again. Slab merging can be switched off by specifying\n   slub_nomerge on boot up.\n\n   Note that merging can expose heretofore unknown bugs in the kernel\n   because corrupted objects may now be placed differently and corrupt\n   differing neighboring objects. Enable sanity checks to find those.\n\nH. Diagnostics\n\n   The current slab diagnostics are difficult to use and require a\n   recompilation of the kernel. SLUB contains debugging code that\n   is always available (but is kept out of the hot code paths).\n   SLUB diagnostics can be enabled via the \"slab_debug\" option.\n   Parameters can be specified to select a single or a group of\n   slab caches for diagnostics. This means that the system is running\n   with the usual performance and it is much more likely that\n   race conditions can be reproduced.\n\nI. Resiliency\n\n   If basic sanity checks are on then SLUB is capable of detecting\n   common error conditions and recover as best as possible to allow the\n   system to continue.\n\nJ. Tracing\n\n   Tracing can be enabled via the slab_debug\u003dT,\u003cslabcache\u003e option\n   during boot. SLUB will then protocol all actions on that slabcache\n   and dump the object contents on free.\n\nK. On demand DMA cache creation.\n\n   Generally DMA caches are not needed. If a kmalloc is used with\n   __GFP_DMA then just create this single slabcache that is needed.\n   For systems that have no ZONE_DMA requirement the support is\n   completely eliminated.\n\nL. Performance increase\n\n   Some benchmarks have shown speed improvements on kernbench in the\n   range of 5-10%. The locking overhead of slub is based on the\n   underlying base allocation size. If we can reliably allocate\n   larger order pages then it is possible to increase slub\n   performance much further. The anti-fragmentation patches may\n   enable further performance increases.\n\nTested on:\ni386 UP + SMP, x86_64 UP + SMP + NUMA emulation, IA64 NUMA + Simulator\n\nSLUB Boot options\n\nslub_nomerge\t\tDisable merging of slabs\nslub_min_order\u003dx\tRequire a minimum order for slab caches. This\n\t\t\tincreases the managed chunk size and therefore\n\t\t\treduces meta data and locking overhead.\nslub_min_objects\u003dx\tMininum objects per slab. Default is 8.\nslub_max_order\u003dx\tAvoid generating slabs larger than order specified.\nslub_debug\t\tEnable all diagnostics for all caches\nslub_debug\u003d\u003coptions\u003e\tEnable selective options for all caches\nslub_debug\u003d\u003co\u003e,\u003ccache\u003e\tEnable selective options for a certain set of\n\t\t\tcaches\n\nAvailable Debug options\nF\t\tDouble Free checking, sanity and resiliency\nR\t\tRed zoning\nP\t\tObject / padding poisoning\nU\t\tTrack last free / alloc\nT\t\tTrace all allocs / frees (only use for individual slabs).\n\nTo use SLUB: Apply this patch and then select SLUB as the default slab\nallocator.\n\n[hugh@veritas.com: fix an oops-causing locking error]\n[akpm@linux-foundation.org: various stupid cleanups and small fixes]\nSigned-off-by: Christoph Lameter \u003cclameter@sgi.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Hugh Dickins \u003chugh@veritas.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@linux-foundation.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@linux-foundation.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "3fcfab16c5b86eaa3db3a9a31adba550c5b67141",
      "tree": "bd348fa081b8fbec2c79fbf8f173a306d70b2b2c",
      "parents": [
        "79e2de4bc53d7ca2a8eedee49e4a92479b4b530e"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Andrew Morton",
        "email": "akpm@osdl.org",
        "time": "Thu Oct 19 23:28:16 2006 -0700"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@g5.osdl.org",
        "time": "Fri Oct 20 10:26:35 2006 -0700"
      },
      "message": "[PATCH] separate bdi congestion functions from queue congestion functions\n\nSeparate out the concept of \"queue congestion\" from \"backing-dev congestion\".\nCongestion is a backing-dev concept, not a queue concept.\n\nThe blk_* congestion functions are retained, as wrappers around the core\nbacking-dev congestion functions.\n\nThis proper layering is needed so that NFS can cleanly use the congestion\nfunctions, and so that CONFIG_BLOCK\u003dn actually links.\n\nCc: \"Thomas Maier\" \u003cbalagi@justmail.de\u003e\nCc: \"Jens Axboe\" \u003cjens.axboe@oracle.com\u003e\nCc: Trond Myklebust \u003ctrond.myklebust@fys.uio.no\u003e\nCc: David Howells \u003cdhowells@redhat.com\u003e\nCc: Peter Osterlund \u003cpetero2@telia.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@osdl.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@osdl.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "9361401eb7619c033e2394e4f9f6d410d6719ac7",
      "tree": "04b94a71f2366988c17740d1c16cfbdec41d5d2e",
      "parents": [
        "d366e40a1cabd453be6e2609caa7e12f9ca17b1f"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "David Howells",
        "email": "dhowells@redhat.com",
        "time": "Sat Sep 30 20:45:40 2006 +0200"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Jens Axboe",
        "email": "axboe@nelson.home.kernel.dk",
        "time": "Sat Sep 30 20:52:31 2006 +0200"
      },
      "message": "[PATCH] BLOCK: Make it possible to disable the block layer [try #6]\n\nMake it possible to disable the block layer.  Not all embedded devices require\nit, some can make do with just JFFS2, NFS, ramfs, etc - none of which require\nthe block layer to be present.\n\nThis patch does the following:\n\n (*) Introduces CONFIG_BLOCK to disable the block layer, buffering and blockdev\n     support.\n\n (*) Adds dependencies on CONFIG_BLOCK to any configuration item that controls\n     an item that uses the block layer.  This includes:\n\n     (*) Block I/O tracing.\n\n     (*) Disk partition code.\n\n     (*) All filesystems that are block based, eg: Ext3, ReiserFS, ISOFS.\n\n     (*) The SCSI layer.  As far as I can tell, even SCSI chardevs use the\n     \t block layer to do scheduling.  Some drivers that use SCSI facilities -\n     \t such as USB storage - end up disabled indirectly from this.\n\n     (*) Various block-based device drivers, such as IDE and the old CDROM\n     \t drivers.\n\n     (*) MTD blockdev handling and FTL.\n\n     (*) JFFS - which uses set_bdev_super(), something it could avoid doing by\n     \t taking a leaf out of JFFS2\u0027s book.\n\n (*) Makes most of the contents of linux/blkdev.h, linux/buffer_head.h and\n     linux/elevator.h contingent on CONFIG_BLOCK being set.  sector_div() is,\n     however, still used in places, and so is still available.\n\n (*) Also made contingent are the contents of linux/mpage.h, linux/genhd.h and\n     parts of linux/fs.h.\n\n (*) Makes a number of files in fs/ contingent on CONFIG_BLOCK.\n\n (*) Makes mm/bounce.c (bounce buffering) contingent on CONFIG_BLOCK.\n\n (*) set_page_dirty() doesn\u0027t call __set_page_dirty_buffers() if CONFIG_BLOCK\n     is not enabled.\n\n (*) fs/no-block.c is created to hold out-of-line stubs and things that are\n     required when CONFIG_BLOCK is not set:\n\n     (*) Default blockdev file operations (to give error ENODEV on opening).\n\n (*) Makes some /proc changes:\n\n     (*) /proc/devices does not list any blockdevs.\n\n     (*) /proc/diskstats and /proc/partitions are contingent on CONFIG_BLOCK.\n\n (*) Makes some compat ioctl handling contingent on CONFIG_BLOCK.\n\n (*) If CONFIG_BLOCK is not defined, makes sys_quotactl() return -ENODEV if\n     given command other than Q_SYNC or if a special device is specified.\n\n (*) In init/do_mounts.c, no reference is made to the blockdev routines if\n     CONFIG_BLOCK is not defined.  This does not prohibit NFS roots or JFFS2.\n\n (*) The bdflush, ioprio_set and ioprio_get syscalls can now be absent (return\n     error ENOSYS by way of cond_syscall if so).\n\n (*) The seclvl_bd_claim() and seclvl_bd_release() security calls do nothing if\n     CONFIG_BLOCK is not set, since they can\u0027t then happen.\n\nSigned-Off-By: David Howells \u003cdhowells@redhat.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Jens Axboe \u003caxboe@kernel.dk\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "831058dec3735665fe91bd0d37b6a8cf56b91abd",
      "tree": "5ef7d38d9c43b24d5a31eb8f0e23c91e20e799e7",
      "parents": [
        "b398f6bff93a247d2a7099e92905374966e4558f"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "David Howells",
        "email": "dhowells@redhat.com",
        "time": "Tue Aug 29 19:06:00 2006 +0100"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Jens Axboe",
        "email": "axboe@nelson.home.kernel.dk",
        "time": "Sat Sep 30 20:32:11 2006 +0200"
      },
      "message": "[PATCH] BLOCK: Separate the bounce buffering code from the highmem code [try #6]\n\nMove the bounce buffer code from mm/highmem.c to mm/bounce.c so that it can be\nmore easily disabled when the block layer is disabled.\n\n!!!NOTE!!! There may be a bug in this code: Should init_emergency_pool() be\n\t   contingent on CONFIG_HIGHMEM?\n\nSigned-Off-By: David Howells \u003cdhowells@redhat.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Jens Axboe \u003caxboe@kernel.dk\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "39f0247d3823e4e0bf8f6838a10362864b1e1053",
      "tree": "f5808b2bb5fd719c42c7068e2dc43a4b8f402304",
      "parents": [
        "f0c8bd164e1a0585d7e46896553136b4f488bd19"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Andreas Gruenbacher",
        "email": "agruen@suse.de",
        "time": "Fri Sep 29 02:01:35 2006 -0700"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@g5.osdl.org",
        "time": "Fri Sep 29 09:18:24 2006 -0700"
      },
      "message": "[PATCH] Access Control Lists for tmpfs\n\nAdd access control lists for tmpfs.\n\nSigned-off-by: Andreas Gruenbacher \u003cagruen@suse.de\u003e\nCc: Hugh Dickins \u003chugh@veritas.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@osdl.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@osdl.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "d00bcc98d7ec2c87391c9d9e1cca519ef64d33ef",
      "tree": "08b7d0fafba03d7b1d4d1d861897f78658aba173",
      "parents": [
        "39bbcb8f88154c4ac9853baf3f1134af4c987517"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Christoph Lameter",
        "email": "clameter@sgi.com",
        "time": "Mon Sep 25 23:31:50 2006 -0700"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@g5.osdl.org",
        "time": "Tue Sep 26 08:48:51 2006 -0700"
      },
      "message": "[PATCH] Extract the allocpercpu functions from the slab allocator\n\nThe allocpercpu functions __alloc_percpu and __free_percpu() are heavily\nusing the slab allocator.  However, they are conceptually slab.  This also\nsimplifies SLOB (at this point slob may be broken in mm.  This should fix\nit).\n\nSigned-off-by: Christoph Lameter \u003cclameter@sgi.com\u003e\nCc: Matt Mackall \u003cmpm@selenic.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@osdl.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@osdl.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "f6ac2354d791195ca40822b84d73d48a4e8b7f2b",
      "tree": "5f600175cf3591eac3d32bb8cebfd45d0aabf804",
      "parents": [
        "672b2714ae57af16fe7d760dc4e0918a7a6cb0fa"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Christoph Lameter",
        "email": "clameter@sgi.com",
        "time": "Fri Jun 30 01:55:32 2006 -0700"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@g5.osdl.org",
        "time": "Fri Jun 30 11:25:34 2006 -0700"
      },
      "message": "[PATCH] zoned vm counters: create vmstat.c/.h from page_alloc.c/.h\n\nNOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters.  ZVCs are reliable whereas\nevent counters do not need to be.\n\nZone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state\nof memory in one zone is.  In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local\nreclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in\norder to get more balanced memory use.\n\nIt is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory\nallocations on various zones.  This patchset allows the retrieval of that data\nfrom userspace.\n\nThe patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the\nexisting page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the\napproach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache.\n\nSmall per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone.  If the counter exceeds\ncertain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of\natomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values.\nThe small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they\nwill be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed.\n\nAccess to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then\npossible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out\nthat approach).  The access to the total number of pages of various types does\nno longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters.\n\nBenefits of this patchset right now:\n\n- Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory\n  is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones.\n\n- loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and\n  reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information\n  because the needed information is directly accessible.\n\n- Special handling for nr_pagecache removed.\n\n- zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine\n  when it is worth to do local reclaim.\n\n- Fast inline per node page state determination.\n\n- Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current\n  counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere\n  and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show\n  the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone.\n\n- The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to\n  figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides\n  some of the needed numbers.\n\n- Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files.\n\nReferences to earlier discussions:\nV1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l\u003dlinux-kernel\u0026m\u003d113511649910826\u0026w\u003d2\nV2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l\u003dlinux-kernel\u0026m\u003d114980851924230\u0026w\u003d2\nV3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l\u003dlinux-kernel\u0026m\u003d115014697910351\u0026w\u003d2\nV4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l\u003dlinux-kernel\u0026m\u003d115024767318740\u0026w\u003d2\n\nPerformance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions.  Seems to be a tad\nfaster even.  Tested on ia64/NUMA.  Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP.  Includes\nfixes for s390/arm/uml arch code.\n\nThis patch:\n\nMove counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h.\n\nCreate vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc\nfunctions.\n\nMove the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show.\n\n[akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix]\n[akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix]\nSigned-off-by: Christoph Lameter \u003cclameter@sgi.com\u003e\nCc: Heiko Carstens \u003cheiko.carstens@de.ibm.com\u003e\nCc: Martin Schwidefsky \u003cschwidefsky@de.ibm.com\u003e\nCc: Trond Myklebust \u003ctrond.myklebust@fys.uio.no\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@osdl.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@osdl.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "95144c788dc01b6a0ff2c9c2222e37ffdab358b8",
      "tree": "9f7f186575bb717de39cedaf42bf02a94c11b664",
      "parents": [
        "ae0f15fb91274e67d78836d38c99ec363df33073"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki",
        "email": "kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com",
        "time": "Mon Mar 27 01:16:02 2006 -0800"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@g5.osdl.org",
        "time": "Mon Mar 27 08:44:48 2006 -0800"
      },
      "message": "[PATCH] uninline zone helpers\n\nHelper functions for for_each_online_pgdat/for_each_zone look too big to be\ninlined.  Speed of these helper macro itself is not very important.  (inner\nloops are tend to do more work than this)\n\nThis patch make helper function to be out-of-lined.\n\n\tinline\t\tout-of-line\n.text   005c0680        005bf6a0\n\n005c0680 - 005bf6a0 \u003d FE0 \u003d 4Kbytes.\n\nSigned-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki \u003ckamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@osdl.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@osdl.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "b20a35035f983f4ac7e29c4a68f30e43510007e0",
      "tree": "fdf090ddddbcc275349f62f71adc98649e2c683b",
      "parents": [
        "442295c94bf650221af3ef20fc68fa3e93876818"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Christoph Lameter",
        "email": "clameter@sgi.com",
        "time": "Wed Mar 22 00:09:12 2006 -0800"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@g5.osdl.org",
        "time": "Wed Mar 22 07:54:06 2006 -0800"
      },
      "message": "[PATCH] page migration reorg\n\nCentralize the page migration functions in anticipation of additional\ntinkering.  Creates a new file mm/migrate.c\n\n1. Extract buffer_migrate_page() from fs/buffer.c\n\n2. Extract central migration code from vmscan.c\n\n3. Extract some components from mempolicy.c\n\n4. Export pageout() and remove_from_swap() from vmscan.c\n\n5. Make it possible to configure NUMA systems without page migration\n   and non-NUMA systems with page migration.\n\nI had to so some #ifdeffing in mempolicy.c that may need a cleanup.\n\nSigned-off-by: Christoph Lameter \u003cclameter@sgi.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@osdl.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@osdl.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "10cef6029502915bdb3cf0821d425cf9dc30c817",
      "tree": "2c9dfef95d58b64dcf4cdf3c32b18164928b438e",
      "parents": [
        "30992c97ae9d01b17374fbfab76a869fb4bba500"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Matt Mackall",
        "email": "mpm@selenic.com",
        "time": "Sun Jan 08 01:01:45 2006 -0800"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@g5.osdl.org",
        "time": "Sun Jan 08 20:13:41 2006 -0800"
      },
      "message": "[PATCH] slob: introduce the SLOB allocator\n\nconfigurable replacement for slab allocator\n\nThis adds a CONFIG_SLAB option under CONFIG_EMBEDDED.  When CONFIG_SLAB is\ndisabled, the kernel falls back to using the \u0027SLOB\u0027 allocator.\n\nSLOB is a traditional K\u0026R/UNIX allocator with a SLAB emulation layer,\nsimilar to the original Linux kmalloc allocator that SLAB replaced.  It\u0027s\nsignicantly smaller code and is more memory efficient.  But like all\nsimilar allocators, it scales poorly and suffers from fragmentation more\nthan SLAB, so it\u0027s only appropriate for small systems.\n\nIt\u0027s been tested extensively in the Linux-tiny tree.  I\u0027ve also\nstress-tested it with make -j 8 compiles on a 3G SMP+PREEMPT box (not\nrecommended).\n\nHere\u0027s a comparison for otherwise identical builds, showing SLOB saving\nnearly half a megabyte of RAM:\n\n$ size vmlinux*\n   text    data     bss     dec     hex filename\n3336372  529360  190812 4056544  3de5e0 vmlinux-slab\n3323208  527948  190684 4041840  3dac70 vmlinux-slob\n\n$ size mm/{slab,slob}.o\n   text    data     bss     dec     hex filename\n  13221     752      48   14021    36c5 mm/slab.o\n   1896      52       8    1956     7a4 mm/slob.o\n\n/proc/meminfo:\n                  SLAB          SLOB      delta\nMemTotal:        27964 kB      27980 kB     +16 kB\nMemFree:         24596 kB      25092 kB    +496 kB\nBuffers:            36 kB         36 kB       0 kB\nCached:           1188 kB       1188 kB       0 kB\nSwapCached:          0 kB          0 kB       0 kB\nActive:            608 kB        600 kB      -8 kB\nInactive:          808 kB        812 kB      +4 kB\nHighTotal:           0 kB          0 kB       0 kB\nHighFree:            0 kB          0 kB       0 kB\nLowTotal:        27964 kB      27980 kB     +16 kB\nLowFree:         24596 kB      25092 kB    +496 kB\nSwapTotal:           0 kB          0 kB       0 kB\nSwapFree:            0 kB          0 kB       0 kB\nDirty:               4 kB         12 kB      +8 kB\nWriteback:           0 kB          0 kB       0 kB\nMapped:            560 kB        556 kB      -4 kB\nSlab:             1756 kB          0 kB   -1756 kB\nCommitLimit:     13980 kB      13988 kB      +8 kB\nCommitted_AS:     4208 kB       4208 kB       0 kB\nPageTables:         28 kB         28 kB       0 kB\nVmallocTotal:  1007312 kB    1007312 kB       0 kB\nVmallocUsed:        48 kB         48 kB       0 kB\nVmallocChunk:  1007264 kB    1007264 kB       0 kB\n\n(this work has been sponsored in part by CELF)\n\nFrom: Ingo Molnar \u003cmingo@elte.hu\u003e\n\n   Fix 32-bitness bugs in mm/slob.c.\n\nSigned-off-by: Matt Mackall \u003cmpm@selenic.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Ingo Molnar \u003cmingo@elte.hu\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@osdl.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@osdl.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "30992c97ae9d01b17374fbfab76a869fb4bba500",
      "tree": "b1ea66bec56fabd80571696d0b081423dcab2340",
      "parents": [
        "50dd26ba0947aa653f0e42897aad7a4adce4e620"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Matt Mackall",
        "email": "mpm@selenic.com",
        "time": "Sun Jan 08 01:01:43 2006 -0800"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@g5.osdl.org",
        "time": "Sun Jan 08 20:13:41 2006 -0800"
      },
      "message": "[PATCH] slob: introduce mm/util.c for shared functions\n\nAdd mm/util.c for functions common between SLAB and SLOB.\n\nSigned-off-by: Matt Mackall \u003cmpm@selenic.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@osdl.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@osdl.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "3947be1969a9ce455ec30f60ef51efb10e4323d1",
      "tree": "0b4b3b4c268beb7aa88cb685cce48b6bb5053c47",
      "parents": [
        "bdc8cb984576ab5b550c8b24c6fa111a873503e3"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Dave Hansen",
        "email": "haveblue@us.ibm.com",
        "time": "Sat Oct 29 18:16:54 2005 -0700"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@g5.osdl.org",
        "time": "Sat Oct 29 21:40:44 2005 -0700"
      },
      "message": "[PATCH] memory hotplug: sysfs and add/remove functions\n\nThis adds generic memory add/remove and supporting functions for memory\nhotplug into a new file as well as a memory hotplug kernel config option.\n\nIndividual architecture patches will follow.\n\nFor now, disable memory hotplug when swsusp is enabled.  There\u0027s a lot of\nchurn there right now.  We\u0027ll fix it up properly once it calms down.\n\nSigned-off-by: Matt Tolentino \u003cmatthew.e.tolentino@intel.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Dave Hansen \u003chaveblue@us.ibm.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@osdl.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@osdl.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "ceffc078528befc008c6f2c2c4decda79eabd534",
      "tree": "a289e10162bdef0c0d9f6533f1a647b0fe1ed7a9",
      "parents": [
        "420edbcc09008342c7b2665453f6b370739aadb0"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Carsten Otte",
        "email": "cotte@de.ibm.com",
        "time": "Thu Jun 23 22:05:25 2005 -0700"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@ppc970.osdl.org",
        "time": "Fri Jun 24 00:06:41 2005 -0700"
      },
      "message": "[PATCH] xip: fs/mm: execute in place\n\n- generic_file* file operations do no longer have a xip/non-xip split\n- filemap_xip.c implements a new set of fops that require get_xip_page\n  aop to work proper. all new fops are exported GPL-only (don\u0027t like to\n  see whatever code use those except GPL modules)\n- __xip_unmap now uses page_check_address, which is no longer static\n  in rmap.c, and defined in linux/rmap.h\n- mm/filemap.h is now much more clean, plainly having just Linus\u0027\n  inline funcs moved here from filemap.c\n- fix includes in filemap_xip to make it build cleanly on i386\n\nSigned-off-by: Carsten Otte \u003ccotte@de.ibm.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@osdl.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@osdl.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "d41dee369bff3b9dcb6328d4d822926c28cc2594",
      "tree": "a0405f3b7af3ebca21838a7d427bd75a067bf850",
      "parents": [
        "af705362ab6018071310c5fcd436a6b457517d5f"
      ],
      "author": {
        "name": "Andy Whitcroft",
        "email": "apw@shadowen.org",
        "time": "Thu Jun 23 00:07:54 2005 -0700"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@ppc970.osdl.org",
        "time": "Thu Jun 23 09:45:04 2005 -0700"
      },
      "message": "[PATCH] sparsemem memory model\n\nSparsemem abstracts the use of discontiguous mem_maps[].  This kind of\nmem_map[] is needed by discontiguous memory machines (like in the old\nCONFIG_DISCONTIGMEM case) as well as memory hotplug systems.  Sparsemem\nreplaces DISCONTIGMEM when enabled, and it is hoped that it can eventually\nbecome a complete replacement.\n\nA significant advantage over DISCONTIGMEM is that it\u0027s completely separated\nfrom CONFIG_NUMA.  When producing this patch, it became apparent in that NUMA\nand DISCONTIG are often confused.\n\nAnother advantage is that sparse doesn\u0027t require each NUMA node\u0027s ranges to be\ncontiguous.  It can handle overlapping ranges between nodes with no problems,\nwhere DISCONTIGMEM currently throws away that memory.\n\nSparsemem uses an array to provide different pfn_to_page() translations for\neach SECTION_SIZE area of physical memory.  This is what allows the mem_map[]\nto be chopped up.\n\nIn order to do quick pfn_to_page() operations, the section number of the page\nis encoded in page-\u003eflags.  Part of the sparsemem infrastructure enables\nsharing of these bits more dynamically (at compile-time) between the\npage_zone() and sparsemem operations.  However, on 32-bit architectures, the\nnumber of bits is quite limited, and may require growing the size of the\npage-\u003eflags type in certain conditions.  Several things might force this to\noccur: a decrease in the SECTION_SIZE (if you want to hotplug smaller areas of\nmemory), an increase in the physical address space, or an increase in the\nnumber of used page-\u003eflags.\n\nOne thing to note is that, once sparsemem is present, the NUMA node\ninformation no longer needs to be stored in the page-\u003eflags.  It might provide\nspeed increases on certain platforms and will be stored there if there is\nroom.  But, if out of room, an alternate (theoretically slower) mechanism is\nused.\n\nThis patch introduces CONFIG_FLATMEM.  It is used in almost all cases where\nthere used to be an #ifndef DISCONTIG, because SPARSEMEM and DISCONTIGMEM\noften have to compile out the same areas of code.\n\nSigned-off-by: Andy Whitcroft \u003capw@shadowen.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Dave Hansen \u003chaveblue@us.ibm.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Martin Bligh \u003cmbligh@aracnet.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Adrian Bunk \u003cbunk@stusta.de\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Yasunori Goto \u003cy-goto@jp.fujitsu.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Bob Picco \u003cbob.picco@hp.com\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Andrew Morton \u003cakpm@osdl.org\u003e\nSigned-off-by: Linus Torvalds \u003ctorvalds@osdl.org\u003e\n"
    },
    {
      "commit": "1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2",
      "tree": "0bba044c4ce775e45a88a51686b5d9f90697ea9d",
      "parents": [],
      "author": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@ppc970.osdl.org",
        "time": "Sat Apr 16 15:20:36 2005 -0700"
      },
      "committer": {
        "name": "Linus Torvalds",
        "email": "torvalds@ppc970.osdl.org",
        "time": "Sat Apr 16 15:20:36 2005 -0700"
      },
      "message": "Linux-2.6.12-rc2\n\nInitial git repository build. I\u0027m not bothering with the full history,\neven though we have it. We can create a separate \"historical\" git\narchive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it\u0027s about\n3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early\ngit days unnecessarily complicated, when we don\u0027t have a lot of good\ninfrastructure for it.\n\nLet it rip!\n"
    }
  ]
}