V4L/DVB (6961): tda18271: move common code to tda18271-common.c

Move some common code to a new file to make this easier to look at.

Signed-off-by: Michael Krufky <mkrufky@linuxtv.org>
Signed-off-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab@infradead.org>
diff --git a/drivers/media/dvb/frontends/tda18271-fe.c b/drivers/media/dvb/frontends/tda18271-fe.c
index 4b53baf..537d520 100644
--- a/drivers/media/dvb/frontends/tda18271-fe.c
+++ b/drivers/media/dvb/frontends/tda18271-fe.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
     tda18271-fe.c - driver for the Philips / NXP TDA18271 silicon tuner
 
-    Copyright (C) 2007 Michael Krufky (mkrufky@linuxtv.org)
+    Copyright (C) 2007, 2008 Michael Krufky <mkrufky@linuxtv.org>
 
     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -28,431 +28,6 @@
 
 /*---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static int tda18271_i2c_gate_ctrl(struct dvb_frontend *fe, int enable)
-{
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	enum tda18271_i2c_gate gate;
-	int ret = 0;
-
-	switch (priv->gate) {
-	case TDA18271_GATE_DIGITAL:
-	case TDA18271_GATE_ANALOG:
-		gate = priv->gate;
-		break;
-	case TDA18271_GATE_AUTO:
-	default:
-		switch (priv->mode) {
-		case TDA18271_DIGITAL:
-			gate = TDA18271_GATE_DIGITAL;
-			break;
-		case TDA18271_ANALOG:
-		default:
-			gate = TDA18271_GATE_ANALOG;
-			break;
-		}
-	}
-
-	switch (gate) {
-	case TDA18271_GATE_ANALOG:
-		if (fe->ops.analog_ops.i2c_gate_ctrl)
-			ret = fe->ops.analog_ops.i2c_gate_ctrl(fe, enable);
-		break;
-	case TDA18271_GATE_DIGITAL:
-		if (fe->ops.i2c_gate_ctrl)
-			ret = fe->ops.i2c_gate_ctrl(fe, enable);
-		break;
-	default:
-		ret = -EINVAL;
-		break;
-	}
-
-	return ret;
-};
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static void tda18271_dump_regs(struct dvb_frontend *fe, int extended)
-{
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	unsigned char *regs = priv->tda18271_regs;
-
-	tda_reg("=== TDA18271 REG DUMP ===\n");
-	tda_reg("ID_BYTE            = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_ID]);
-	tda_reg("THERMO_BYTE        = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_TM]);
-	tda_reg("POWER_LEVEL_BYTE   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_PL]);
-	tda_reg("EASY_PROG_BYTE_1   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EP1]);
-	tda_reg("EASY_PROG_BYTE_2   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EP2]);
-	tda_reg("EASY_PROG_BYTE_3   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EP3]);
-	tda_reg("EASY_PROG_BYTE_4   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EP4]);
-	tda_reg("EASY_PROG_BYTE_5   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EP5]);
-	tda_reg("CAL_POST_DIV_BYTE  = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_CPD]);
-	tda_reg("CAL_DIV_BYTE_1     = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_CD1]);
-	tda_reg("CAL_DIV_BYTE_2     = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_CD2]);
-	tda_reg("CAL_DIV_BYTE_3     = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_CD3]);
-	tda_reg("MAIN_POST_DIV_BYTE = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_MPD]);
-	tda_reg("MAIN_DIV_BYTE_1    = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_MD1]);
-	tda_reg("MAIN_DIV_BYTE_2    = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_MD2]);
-	tda_reg("MAIN_DIV_BYTE_3    = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_MD3]);
-
-	/* only dump extended regs if DBG_ADV is set */
-	if (!(tda18271_debug & DBG_ADV))
-		return;
-
-	/* W indicates write-only registers.
-	 * Register dump for write-only registers shows last value written. */
-
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_1    = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB1]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_2    = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB2]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_3    = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB3]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_4    = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB4]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_5    = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB5]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_6    = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB6]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_7    = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB7]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_8    = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB8]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_9  W = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB9]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_10   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB10]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_11   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB11]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_12   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB12]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_13   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB13]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_14   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB14]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_15   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB15]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_16 W = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB16]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_17 W = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB17]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_18   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB18]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_19 W = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB19]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_20 W = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB20]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_21   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB21]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_22   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB22]);
-	tda_reg("EXTENDED_BYTE_23   = 0x%02x\n", 0xff & regs[R_EB23]);
-}
-
-static void tda18271_read_regs(struct dvb_frontend *fe)
-{
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	unsigned char *regs = priv->tda18271_regs;
-	unsigned char buf = 0x00;
-	int ret;
-	struct i2c_msg msg[] = {
-		{ .addr = priv->i2c_addr, .flags = 0,
-		  .buf = &buf, .len = 1 },
-		{ .addr = priv->i2c_addr, .flags = I2C_M_RD,
-		  .buf = regs, .len = 16 }
-	};
-
-	tda18271_i2c_gate_ctrl(fe, 1);
-
-	/* read all registers */
-	ret = i2c_transfer(priv->i2c_adap, msg, 2);
-
-	tda18271_i2c_gate_ctrl(fe, 0);
-
-	if (ret != 2)
-		tda_err("ERROR: i2c_transfer returned: %d\n", ret);
-
-	if (tda18271_debug & DBG_REG)
-		tda18271_dump_regs(fe, 0);
-}
-
-static void tda18271_read_extended(struct dvb_frontend *fe)
-{
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	unsigned char *regs = priv->tda18271_regs;
-	unsigned char regdump[TDA18271_NUM_REGS];
-	unsigned char buf = 0x00;
-	int ret, i;
-	struct i2c_msg msg[] = {
-		{ .addr = priv->i2c_addr, .flags = 0,
-		  .buf = &buf, .len = 1 },
-		{ .addr = priv->i2c_addr, .flags = I2C_M_RD,
-		  .buf = regdump, .len = TDA18271_NUM_REGS }
-	};
-
-	tda18271_i2c_gate_ctrl(fe, 1);
-
-	/* read all registers */
-	ret = i2c_transfer(priv->i2c_adap, msg, 2);
-
-	tda18271_i2c_gate_ctrl(fe, 0);
-
-	if (ret != 2)
-		tda_err("ERROR: i2c_transfer returned: %d\n", ret);
-
-	for (i = 0; i <= TDA18271_NUM_REGS; i++) {
-		/* don't update write-only registers */
-		if ((i != R_EB9)  &&
-		    (i != R_EB16) &&
-		    (i != R_EB17) &&
-		    (i != R_EB19) &&
-		    (i != R_EB20))
-		regs[i] = regdump[i];
-	}
-
-	if (tda18271_debug & DBG_REG)
-		tda18271_dump_regs(fe, 1);
-}
-
-static void tda18271_write_regs(struct dvb_frontend *fe, int idx, int len)
-{
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	unsigned char *regs = priv->tda18271_regs;
-	unsigned char buf[TDA18271_NUM_REGS+1];
-	struct i2c_msg msg = { .addr = priv->i2c_addr, .flags = 0,
-			       .buf = buf, .len = len+1 };
-	int i, ret;
-
-	BUG_ON((len == 0) || (idx+len > sizeof(buf)));
-
-	buf[0] = idx;
-	for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
-		buf[i] = regs[idx-1+i];
-	}
-
-	tda18271_i2c_gate_ctrl(fe, 1);
-
-	/* write registers */
-	ret = i2c_transfer(priv->i2c_adap, &msg, 1);
-
-	tda18271_i2c_gate_ctrl(fe, 0);
-
-	if (ret != 1)
-		tda_err("ERROR: i2c_transfer returned: %d\n", ret);
-}
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static int tda18271_init_regs(struct dvb_frontend *fe)
-{
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	unsigned char *regs = priv->tda18271_regs;
-
-	tda_dbg("initializing registers for device @ %d-%04x\n",
-		i2c_adapter_id(priv->i2c_adap), priv->i2c_addr);
-
-	/* initialize registers */
-	switch (priv->id) {
-	case TDA18271HDC1:
-		regs[R_ID]   = 0x83;
-		break;
-	case TDA18271HDC2:
-		regs[R_ID]   = 0x84;
-		break;
-	};
-
-	regs[R_TM]   = 0x08;
-	regs[R_PL]   = 0x80;
-	regs[R_EP1]  = 0xc6;
-	regs[R_EP2]  = 0xdf;
-	regs[R_EP3]  = 0x16;
-	regs[R_EP4]  = 0x60;
-	regs[R_EP5]  = 0x80;
-	regs[R_CPD]  = 0x80;
-	regs[R_CD1]  = 0x00;
-	regs[R_CD2]  = 0x00;
-	regs[R_CD3]  = 0x00;
-	regs[R_MPD]  = 0x00;
-	regs[R_MD1]  = 0x00;
-	regs[R_MD2]  = 0x00;
-	regs[R_MD3]  = 0x00;
-
-	switch (priv->id) {
-	case TDA18271HDC1:
-		regs[R_EB1]  = 0xff;
-		break;
-	case TDA18271HDC2:
-		regs[R_EB1]  = 0xfc;
-		break;
-	};
-
-	regs[R_EB2]  = 0x01;
-	regs[R_EB3]  = 0x84;
-	regs[R_EB4]  = 0x41;
-	regs[R_EB5]  = 0x01;
-	regs[R_EB6]  = 0x84;
-	regs[R_EB7]  = 0x40;
-	regs[R_EB8]  = 0x07;
-	regs[R_EB9]  = 0x00;
-	regs[R_EB10] = 0x00;
-	regs[R_EB11] = 0x96;
-
-	switch (priv->id) {
-	case TDA18271HDC1:
-		regs[R_EB12] = 0x0f;
-		break;
-	case TDA18271HDC2:
-		regs[R_EB12] = 0x33;
-		break;
-	};
-
-	regs[R_EB13] = 0xc1;
-	regs[R_EB14] = 0x00;
-	regs[R_EB15] = 0x8f;
-	regs[R_EB16] = 0x00;
-	regs[R_EB17] = 0x00;
-
-	switch (priv->id) {
-	case TDA18271HDC1:
-		regs[R_EB18] = 0x00;
-		break;
-	case TDA18271HDC2:
-		regs[R_EB18] = 0x8c;
-		break;
-	};
-
-	regs[R_EB19] = 0x00;
-	regs[R_EB20] = 0x20;
-
-	switch (priv->id) {
-	case TDA18271HDC1:
-		regs[R_EB21] = 0x33;
-		break;
-	case TDA18271HDC2:
-		regs[R_EB21] = 0xb3;
-		break;
-	};
-
-	regs[R_EB22] = 0x48;
-	regs[R_EB23] = 0xb0;
-
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, 0x00, TDA18271_NUM_REGS);
-
-	/* setup agc1 gain */
-	regs[R_EB17] = 0x00;
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EB17, 1);
-	regs[R_EB17] = 0x03;
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EB17, 1);
-	regs[R_EB17] = 0x43;
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EB17, 1);
-	regs[R_EB17] = 0x4c;
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EB17, 1);
-
-	/* setup agc2 gain */
-	if ((priv->id) == TDA18271HDC1) {
-		regs[R_EB20] = 0xa0;
-		tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EB20, 1);
-		regs[R_EB20] = 0xa7;
-		tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EB20, 1);
-		regs[R_EB20] = 0xe7;
-		tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EB20, 1);
-		regs[R_EB20] = 0xec;
-		tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EB20, 1);
-	}
-
-	/* image rejection calibration */
-
-	/* low-band */
-	regs[R_EP3] = 0x1f;
-	regs[R_EP4] = 0x66;
-	regs[R_EP5] = 0x81;
-	regs[R_CPD] = 0xcc;
-	regs[R_CD1] = 0x6c;
-	regs[R_CD2] = 0x00;
-	regs[R_CD3] = 0x00;
-	regs[R_MPD] = 0xcd;
-	regs[R_MD1] = 0x77;
-	regs[R_MD2] = 0x08;
-	regs[R_MD3] = 0x00;
-
-	switch (priv->id) {
-	case TDA18271HDC1:
-		tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP3, 11);
-		break;
-	case TDA18271HDC2:
-		tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP3, 12);
-		break;
-	};
-
-	if ((priv->id) == TDA18271HDC2) {
-		/* main pll cp source on */
-		regs[R_EB4] = 0x61;
-		tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EB4, 1);
-		msleep(1);
-
-		/* main pll cp source off */
-		regs[R_EB4] = 0x41;
-		tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EB4, 1);
-	}
-
-	msleep(5); /* pll locking */
-
-	/* launch detector */
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP1, 1);
-	msleep(5); /* wanted low measurement */
-
-	regs[R_EP5] = 0x85;
-	regs[R_CPD] = 0xcb;
-	regs[R_CD1] = 0x66;
-	regs[R_CD2] = 0x70;
-
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP3, 7);
-	msleep(5); /* pll locking */
-
-	/* launch optimization algorithm */
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP2, 1);
-	msleep(30); /* image low optimization completion */
-
-	/* mid-band */
-	regs[R_EP5] = 0x82;
-	regs[R_CPD] = 0xa8;
-	regs[R_CD2] = 0x00;
-	regs[R_MPD] = 0xa9;
-	regs[R_MD1] = 0x73;
-	regs[R_MD2] = 0x1a;
-
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP3, 11);
-	msleep(5); /* pll locking */
-
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP1, 1);
-	msleep(5); /* wanted mid measurement */
-
-	regs[R_EP5] = 0x86;
-	regs[R_CPD] = 0xa8;
-	regs[R_CD1] = 0x66;
-	regs[R_CD2] = 0xa0;
-
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP3, 7);
-	msleep(5); /* pll locking */
-
-	/* launch optimization algorithm */
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP2, 1);
-	msleep(30); /* image mid optimization completion */
-
-	/* high-band */
-	regs[R_EP5] = 0x83;
-	regs[R_CPD] = 0x98;
-	regs[R_CD1] = 0x65;
-	regs[R_CD2] = 0x00;
-	regs[R_MPD] = 0x99;
-	regs[R_MD1] = 0x71;
-	regs[R_MD2] = 0xcd;
-
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP3, 11);
-	msleep(5); /* pll locking */
-
-	/* launch detector */
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP1, 1);
-	msleep(5); /* wanted high measurement */
-
-	regs[R_EP5] = 0x87;
-	regs[R_CD1] = 0x65;
-	regs[R_CD2] = 0x50;
-
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP3, 7);
-	msleep(5); /* pll locking */
-
-	/* launch optimization algorithm */
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP2, 1);
-	msleep(30); /* image high optimization completion */
-
-	/* return to normal mode */
-	regs[R_EP4] = 0x64;
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP4, 1);
-
-	/* synchronize */
-	tda18271_write_regs(fe, R_EP1, 1);
-
-	return 0;
-}
-
 static int tda18271_init(struct dvb_frontend *fe)
 {
 	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
@@ -467,162 +42,6 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int tda18271_calc_main_pll(struct dvb_frontend *fe, u32 freq)
-{
-	/* Sets Main Post-Divider & Divider bytes, but does not write them */
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	unsigned char *regs = priv->tda18271_regs;
-	u8 d, pd;
-	u32 div;
-
-	int ret = tda18271_lookup_pll_map(fe, MAIN_PLL, &freq, &pd, &d);
-	if (ret < 0)
-		goto fail;
-
-	regs[R_MPD]   = (0x77 & pd);
-
-	switch (priv->mode) {
-	case TDA18271_ANALOG:
-		regs[R_MPD]  &= ~0x08;
-		break;
-	case TDA18271_DIGITAL:
-		regs[R_MPD]  |=  0x08;
-		break;
-	}
-
-	div =  ((d * (freq / 1000)) << 7) / 125;
-
-	regs[R_MD1]   = 0x7f & (div >> 16);
-	regs[R_MD2]   = 0xff & (div >> 8);
-	regs[R_MD3]   = 0xff & div;
-fail:
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static int tda18271_calc_cal_pll(struct dvb_frontend *fe, u32 freq)
-{
-	/* Sets Cal Post-Divider & Divider bytes, but does not write them */
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	unsigned char *regs = priv->tda18271_regs;
-	u8 d, pd;
-	u32 div;
-
-	int ret = tda18271_lookup_pll_map(fe, CAL_PLL, &freq, &pd, &d);
-	if (ret < 0)
-		goto fail;
-
-	regs[R_CPD]   = pd;
-
-	div =  ((d * (freq / 1000)) << 7) / 125;
-
-	regs[R_CD1]   = 0x7f & (div >> 16);
-	regs[R_CD2]   = 0xff & (div >> 8);
-	regs[R_CD3]   = 0xff & div;
-fail:
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static int tda18271_calc_bp_filter(struct dvb_frontend *fe, u32 *freq)
-{
-	/* Sets BP filter bits, but does not write them */
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	unsigned char *regs = priv->tda18271_regs;
-	u8 val;
-
-	int ret = tda18271_lookup_map(fe, BP_FILTER, freq, &val);
-	if (ret < 0)
-		goto fail;
-
-	regs[R_EP1]  &= ~0x07; /* clear bp filter bits */
-	regs[R_EP1]  |= (0x07 & val);
-fail:
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static int tda18271_calc_km(struct dvb_frontend *fe, u32 *freq)
-{
-	/* Sets K & M bits, but does not write them */
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	unsigned char *regs = priv->tda18271_regs;
-	u8 val;
-
-	int ret = tda18271_lookup_map(fe, RF_CAL_KMCO, freq, &val);
-	if (ret < 0)
-		goto fail;
-
-	regs[R_EB13] &= ~0x7c; /* clear k & m bits */
-	regs[R_EB13] |= (0x7c & val);
-fail:
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static int tda18271_calc_rf_band(struct dvb_frontend *fe, u32 *freq)
-{
-	/* Sets RF Band bits, but does not write them */
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	unsigned char *regs = priv->tda18271_regs;
-	u8 val;
-
-	int ret = tda18271_lookup_map(fe, RF_BAND, freq, &val);
-	if (ret < 0)
-		goto fail;
-
-	regs[R_EP2]  &= ~0xe0; /* clear rf band bits */
-	regs[R_EP2]  |= (0xe0 & (val << 5));
-fail:
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static int tda18271_calc_gain_taper(struct dvb_frontend *fe, u32 *freq)
-{
-	/* Sets Gain Taper bits, but does not write them */
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	unsigned char *regs = priv->tda18271_regs;
-	u8 val;
-
-	int ret = tda18271_lookup_map(fe, GAIN_TAPER, freq, &val);
-	if (ret < 0)
-		goto fail;
-
-	regs[R_EP2]  &= ~0x1f; /* clear gain taper bits */
-	regs[R_EP2]  |= (0x1f & val);
-fail:
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static int tda18271_calc_ir_measure(struct dvb_frontend *fe, u32 *freq)
-{
-	/* Sets IR Meas bits, but does not write them */
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	unsigned char *regs = priv->tda18271_regs;
-	u8 val;
-
-	int ret = tda18271_lookup_map(fe, IR_MEASURE, freq, &val);
-	if (ret < 0)
-		goto fail;
-
-	regs[R_EP5] &= ~0x07;
-	regs[R_EP5] |= (0x07 & val);
-fail:
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static int tda18271_calc_rf_cal(struct dvb_frontend *fe, u32 *freq)
-{
-	/* Sets RF Cal bits, but does not write them */
-	struct tda18271_priv *priv = fe->tuner_priv;
-	unsigned char *regs = priv->tda18271_regs;
-	u8 val;
-
-	int ret = tda18271_lookup_map(fe, RF_CAL, freq, &val);
-	if (ret < 0)
-		goto fail;
-
-	regs[R_EB14] = val;
-fail:
-	return ret;
-}
-
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 static int tda18271_channel_configuration(struct dvb_frontend *fe,